库岸滑坡诱发不同方向涌浪的物理试验研究

Physical experimental study on coastal landslides inducing waves in different directions

摘要

【目的】为精准预测库岸滑坡涌浪的灾害范围、初始涌浪最大波幅生成及传播衰减规律，提升山区河道涌浪灾害防控能力，【方法】基于山区河道特征，设计三维块体与散体滑坡涌浪物理模型试验，通过正交试验与多元非线性回归分析，构建滑体运动方向、上下游方向的初始涌浪最大波幅经验公式及传播衰减模型，并以新滩滑坡、塘岩光滑坡、千将坪滑坡和龚家方滑坡等典型案例验证模型精度。【结果】滑体几何特征(相对厚度幂指数0.94)对块体初始涌浪最大波幅影响最显著，弗劳德数(幂指数0.83)主导散体初始涌浪；最大波幅衰减速率随传播距离呈指数递减，弗劳德数(幂指数0.34)起关键作用。模型在低速(<30 m/s)及宽广河道中预测误差小于20%,较传统方法精度显著提升，但狭窄河道误差增至29%。【结论】所建模型可有效预测多方向初始涌浪特性，为山区库岸滑坡涌浪精细化预警提供理论支撑，未来需结合数值模拟优化复杂地形适用性。

Abstract

[Objective] To predict the disaster scope of reservoir landslide-induced surges, the generation of initial maximum wave amplitude, and the propagation attenuation patterns accurately, thereby enhancing the prevention and control capabilities of surge disasters in mountainous river channels, [Methods]based on mountainous river channel characteristics, three-dimensional physical model experiments for block and granular landslide surges were designed. Through orthogonal experiments and multivariate nonlinear regression analysis, empirical formulas for the initial maximum wave amplitude in the sliding direction and upstream/downstream directions, as well as a propagation attenuation model, were developed. The model accuracy was validated using typical cases such as the Xintan landslide, Tangyanguang landslide, Qianjiangping landslide, and Gongjiafang landslide. [Results] The geometric characteristics of sliding bodies(relative thickness power exponent: 0.94) most significantly influenced the initial maximum wave amplitude of block landslides, while the Froude number(power exponent: 0.83) dominated granular landslide surges. The attenuation rate of maximum wave amplitude decreased exponentially with propagation distance, with the Froude number(power exponent: 0.34) playing a critical role. The model achieved a prediction error of <20% in low-speed scenarios(<30 m/s) and wide river channels, significantly outperforming traditional method, though errors increased to 29% in narrow channels. [Conclusion] The proposed model effectively predicts multidirectional initial surge characteristics, providing theoretical support for refined early warning of reservoir landslide surges in mountainous areas. Future work should integrate numerical simulations to optimize applicability in complex terrains.

关键词

滑坡 / 涌浪 / 物理模型试验 / 初始涌浪最大波幅 / 最大波幅衰减

Key words

landslide / landslide surge / physical model experiment / initial maximum wave amplitude / maximum wave amplitude attenuation

基金资助

国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3003300)

贵州省科技支撑计划项目(QKHZC[2023]YB127)