基于过程进行水文地貌重建的河流生态修复：以美国基西米河为例

River ecological restoration using process-based hydrogeomorphic reconstruction: A case study of Kissimmee River in the United States

摘要

【目的】基西米河生态修复项目旨在应对人类活动造成的生态退化，通过恢复河流生境与流域生物多样性、减少对下游湖泊的污染，同时确保河道的防洪功能得以维持。【方法】为了恢复河湖之间与河流与洪泛平原之间水力连通性，基西米河修复通过先回填人工河道将水流重新引入原始河道，后控制上游水库的放水量模拟下游河流历史水文条件，借助水流过程的冲刷作用解决了原始河道的富营养物质堆积问题，同时利用原始河道的自然河道形态与水文过程中的侵蚀沉积作用恢复了河流的蜿蜒性。为恢复流域生物多样性，通过调节上游水库放水量还原了河岸带季节性洪水淹灌现象，重建了下游广阔的河漫滩湿地，为众多动植物与微生物提供栖息空间。【结果】经过二十多年的实施，基西米河生态修复项目取得了显著的成效。水质明显改善，流域生态系统的生物多样性显著提升，河岸湿地的蓄水调洪功能得到了基本恢复，同时净化了天然水体并提供了栖息地。【结论】基西米河生态修复项目不仅纠正了人类对自然环境干预造成的破坏性后果，还成为全球生态管理和修复实践中的重要里程碑。项目的成功实施，不仅提升了生物多样性和水质，还为当地社会经济带来了积极效益，如保护农业发展和促进自然旅游业。基西米河生态修复案例体现了水文地貌的修复在河湖生态修复中的关键作用，项目的底层修复逻辑顺应了当前基于自然的解决方案的原理，将防洪与保护生态环境结合，实现河流生态系统的稳定性和可持续发展。

Abstract

[Objective] The Kissimmee River Restoration Project aims to address ecological degradation caused by human activities by rehabilitating riverine habitats, restoring biodiversity within the basin, and reducing pollution to downstream lakes, while simultaneously maintaining the river's flood-control function. [Methods] To restore hydraulic connectivity between rivers and lakes and between rivers and floodplains, during the restoration of Kissimmee River, water flow was first redirected into the original river channel by backfilling artificial river channels, and then the discharge volume of the upstream reservoir was controlled to simulate historical hydrological conditions of the downstream river. The scouring effect of the water flow addressed the issue of nutrient accumulation in the original river channel. Meanwhile, the natural channel morphology of the original river channel and the erosion and sedimentation in the hydrological process were leveraged to restore the meandering of the river. In order to restore the biodiversity of the river basin, the project regulated discharge of the upstream reservoir to reinstate seasonal flood inundation patterns in the riparian zone. Additionally, the extensive floodplain wetlands downstream were reconstructed, providing habitats for numerous animals, plants, and microorganisms. [Results] After more than 20 years of implementation, the Kissimmee River Restoration Project achieved remarkable result. Water quality improved notably, with a significant increase in biodiversity across the river basin ecosystem. Riparian wetlands largely restored their water storage and flood control functions, while also purifying natural water bodies and providing habitats for wildlife. [Conclusion] The Kissimmee River Restoration Project has not only rectified the destructive consequences of human intervention in the natural environment, but has also become an important milestone in global ecological management and restoration practices. The successful implementation of the project has improved biodiversity and water quality, while bringing positive benefits to the local society and economy, such as protecting agricultural development and promoting natural tourism. This case demonstrates the key role of hydrogeomorphic restoration in the ecological restoration of rivers and lakes. The underlying restoration logic of the project conforms to the current principles of Nature-based Solutions, integrating flood control with ecological environment protection to achieve the stability and sustainable development of the river ecosystem.

关键词

基西米河 / 水文地貌 / 河流生态系统 / 去渠道化 / 生态修复工程 / 启示 / 影响因素

Key words

Kissimmee River / hydrogeomorphology / river ecosystem / de-channelization / ecological restoration project / implication / influencing factors

基金资助

国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFC321090004)

世界银行资助项目“全球河流生态修复现状及路线图制定”(Contract-7205777)

中国水利水电科学研究院“城乡水系生态景观构建理论和技术研究创新团队” 项目(WE0145B042021)

三峡后续工作项目(WE0161A042024)