基于能坡分割法的黄河干流冲积河段水流阻力计算模型

A alluvial reach flow resistance calculation model for the mainstream of the Yellow River based on energy slope partitioning method

摘要

【目的】水流阻力特性研究是河流动力学领域的核心科学问题之一，在衔接理论创新与工程实践中具有双重价值，既为揭示水沙输移机制提供理论支撑，也是河床演变模拟与防洪治理的重要基础。明确现有水流阻力公式在黄河特殊水沙环境下的适用性局限，建立适配细沙河床强冲淤条件的阻力计算方法，可为黄河河床演变精准模拟提供技术支撑。【方法】首先系统回顾现有水流阻力公式发展过程，重点验证基于阻力分割的相关公式；针对验证发现的细颗粒床面强冲淤条件下偏差显著问题，借鉴能坡分割思路，构建以沙粒阻力与沙波阻力叠加为核心的公式框架；通过实测资料率定沙波波长、波高计算式中的系数，建立基于能坡分割法的黄河水流阻力公式，采用观测资料率定系数与弗劳德数Fr的关系式；最终通过实测资料对新建立公式进行精度检验与参数合理性分析。【结果】检验结果表明，新建立的水流阻力公式精度较高，其中沙波高度、沙波长度计算结果及沙波阻力占比均处于合理范围；阻力系数与实测挟沙力呈现显著负相关关系；公式计算结果与黄河河道自动调整作用相符，可实现黄河河床演变过程的合理模拟。【结论】研究证实基于能坡分割法构建的水流阻力公式可有效适配黄河冲积河段强冲淤的特殊水沙环境，解决了传统公式在该场景下的适用性不足问题，所建立的公式可作为黄河水流阻力的有效计算方法，为黄河河床演变模拟及防洪治理相关工程实践提供可靠的技术支撑。

Abstract

[Objective] Flow resistance characteristics are a core scientific issue in the field of river dynamics, with dual value in linking theoretical innovation and engineering practice. They not only provide theoretical support for revealing the mechanisms of water-sediment transport, but also serve as an important foundation for riverbed evolution simulation and flood control. The core objective is to clarify the applicability limitations of existing flow resistance formulas in the special water-sediment environment of the Yellow River, establish a resistance calculation method suitable for the condition of strong scouring and silting of fine particles, and provide technical support for the accurate simulation of riverbed evolution in the Yellow River. [Methods] Firstly, existing flow resistance formulas were systematically reviewed, and relevant formulas based on resistance partitioning were verified. Aiming at the significant deviation problem of verified formulas under the condition of strong scouring and silting of fine particles, the idea of energy slope partitioning was adopted, and a formula framework with the superposition of sand grain resistance and sand wave resistance as the core was constructed. Coefficients in the calculation formulas of sand wave length and height were calibrated through measured data, and a flow resistance formula for the Yellow River based on the energy slope partitioning method was established. The relationship between coefficients and Froude number(Fr) was calibrated using observed data. Finally, the accuracy of the newly established formula and the rationality of the parameters were verified and analyzed through measured data. [Results] Verification result showed that the newly established flow resistance formula had high accuracy, and the calculated result of sand wave height, sand wave length, and the proportion of sand wave resistance were all within reasonable ranges. The resistance coefficient showed a significant negative correlation with the measured sediment-carrying capacity. The calculation result of the formula were consistent with the automatic adjustment pattern of the Yellow River channel, and enabled the reasonable simulation of riverbed evolution in the Yellow River. [Conclusion] It is confirmed that the flow resistance formula constructed based on the energy slope partitioning method can effectively adapt to the special water-sediment environment of strong scouring and silting of fine particles in the Yellow River, and solve the problem of insufficient applicability of traditional formulas in this scenario. The established formula can be used as an effective calculation method for flow resistance in the Yellow River, and provide reliable technical support for the simulation of riverbed evolution in the Yellow River and related engineering practices of flood control.

关键词

水流阻力 / 黄河 / 能坡分割 / 床面形态 / 影响因素 / 泥沙 / 水沙环境 / 河床演变

Key words

flow resistance / Yellow River / energy slope partitioning / riverbed morphology / influencing factors / sediment / water-sediment environment / riverbed evolution

基金资助

内蒙古自治区科技重大专项(2024JBGS0016)

国家重点研发计划课题(2023YFC3208603)