数据缺失下水库-灌区水量核算与节水潜力分析

Water accounting and analysis of water-saving potential for reservoirs and irrigation areas under data scarcity

摘要

【目的】长江流域水资源管理面临着诸多挑战，尤其是农业用水效率不高以及数据计量不完善的问题。这些问题不仅影响水资源的合理配置，也制约着流域面临干旱情况的有效治理。为解决这些问题，形成了在数据缺失情况下的灌区水资源渗漏和泄水总量的核算方法【方法】以长江中下游流域某灌区为例，综合利用多源遥感数据和考虑灌溉地表径流的改进SCS-CN模型，整合降雨量、蒸发量、灌溉水量、地表径流、水厂供水量等因素对水库到灌区的用水量和损失水量进行估算，并计算潜在蒸散量与实际蒸散量之间的差距。【结果】结果显示：灌区水库供水中深层渗漏与泄水流失占比显著，未计量水量与水库出库水量之比高达1.11,但未来通过灌溉精准调控、渠道防渗改造等措施可释放较高的节水潜力。【结论】结果表明：通过对各月水库供需水量的计算分析，6—10月夏季灌溉期，水库出库水量与灌溉用水需求匹配度高，且损耗比相对更低，验证了方法的可行性。但基于可靠的数据来源与严谨的方法逻辑，可为数据缺失灌区的水库水量管理提供有效参考，为枯水期优先保障日常用水、优化水库出库调度以减少损失、提高水资源利用效率提供科学依据，缓解干旱缺水问题。

Abstract

[Objective] Water resource management in the Yangtze River Basin faces many challenges, especially low agricultural water use efficiency and incomplete data measurement. These problems not only affect the rational allocation of water resources but also restrict the effective management of droughts in the river basin. To address these problems, an accounting method for the total water leakage and discharge in irrigation areas under the condition of data scarcity is developed. [Methods] An irrigation area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was taken as an example. Multi-source remote sensing data and an improved SCS-CN model considering irrigation-induced surface runoff were utilized. Key factors such as rainfall, evaporation, irrigation water volume, surface runoff, and water supply from waterworks were integrated to estimate water consumption and water loss from the reservoir to the irrigation area, and the gap between potential and actual evapotranspiration was calculated. [Results] The result showed that the proportion of deep leakage and water discharge loss in the water supply of the irrigation area reservoir was significant, and the ratio of unmeasured water volume to the reservoir outflow water volume reached as high as 1.11. High water-saving potential could be realized in the future through measures such as precise irrigation regulation and canal seepage control renovation. [Conclusion] The results show that through the calculation and analysis of the monthly water supply and demand of the reservoir, it is found that during the summer irrigation period from June to October, the reservoir outflow matches well with the irrigation water demand, and the loss ratio is relatively lower, which verifies the feasibility of the method. Based on reliable data sources and rigorous methodological logic, this method can provide an effective reference for reservoir water management in irrigation areas with data scarcity. It offers a scientific basis for prioritizing daily water supply during dry seasons, optimizing reservoir outflow scheduling to reduce losses, and improving water resource utilization efficiency, thereby alleviating drought and water scarcity issues.

关键词

数据缺失 / 改进SCS-CN模型 / 多源遥感数据 / 灌区水量核算 / 节水潜力 / 水库 / 长江流域 / 影响因素

Key words

data scarcity / improved SCS-CN model / multi-source remote sensing data / water accounting in irrigation areas / water-saving potential / reservoir / Yangtze River basin / influencing factors

基金资助

安徽省自然科学基金联合基金项目(2308085US05)

安徽省自然科学基金联合基金项目(2208085US05)

国家自然科学基金项目(52370098)