颞下颌关节紊乱病与失眠之间因果关系的两样本孟德尔随机化研究

袁玮 ,  程一茗 ,  崔蕴熠 ,  高朵朵

华西口腔医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (03) : 354 -361.

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华西口腔医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (03) : 354 -361. DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2025.2024255
基础研究

颞下颌关节紊乱病与失眠之间因果关系的两样本孟德尔随机化研究

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A two-sample Mendelian randomization study on the association between temporomandibular disorder and insomnia

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摘要

目的 采用两样本孟德尔随机化(MR)的方法探讨颞下颌关节紊乱病(TMD)和失眠之间的关联。方法使用FinnGen数据库发布的全基因组关联研究统计数据进行TMD (n=377 277)及失眠(n=375 359)两个样本的双向MR分析。其中,TMD病例数10 303例和对照病例366 974例,失眠病例数4 214例和对照病例371 145例。使用双样本MR分析的R包,首先进行工具变量筛选,采用逆方差加权法(IVW)和MR-Egger作为主要的效果效应评估方法,加权中位数估计、加权模式和简单模式作为补充方法。采用IVW和MR-Egger法进行异质性检验;MR-Egger截距用于评估单核苷酸多态性(SNP)潜在水平多效性效应;进行敏感性分析,以确定潜在影响力的SNP。结果 MR分析显示TMD对失眠存在影响(OR=1.089,95%CI:1.017~1.166,P=0.014),而失眠对TMD不存在影响(OR=0.996,95%CI:0.964~1.029,P=0.816)。敏感性分析显示无异质性存在(P>0.05);未发现水平多效性的存在(P>0.05);没有任何单个SNP可能影响因果关系。所有研究结果表明,TMD与失眠之间的因果关系未受到任何个体SNP的显著影响,IV也不会对结果造成偏移。结论 MR分析结果显示TMD是失眠的风险因素,而失眠不是TMD的风险因素。

Abstract

Objective This study aimed to investigate the association between temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and insomnia using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Methods Bidirectional MR analyses of two samples, TMD (n=377 277) and insomnia (n=375 359), were performed using genome-wide association study statistics published in the FinnGen database. Instrumental variables were first screened, and then inverse variance weighting (IVW) and MR-Egger were used as the main-effect assessment methods. Weighted median, weighted mode, and simple mode served as supplementary methods. We used IVW and MR-Egger to test for heterogeneity, as well as MR-Egger intercepts to assess the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) potential level of multiplicity effects. Sensitivity analyses were conducted based on leave-one-out to identify potentially influential SNPs. All analyses were conducted by using the two-sample MR R package and were considered statistically significant when P<0.05. Results MR analysis showed the presence of TMD on insomnia (OR=1.089, 95%CI: 1.017-1.166, P=0.014). Meanwhile, no effect of insomnia on TMD (OR=0.996, 95%CI: 0.964-1.029, P=0.816) was found. The sensitivity-analysis showed that no heterogeneity existed (P>0.05), and the presence of horizontal pleiotropy was not detected (P>0.05). Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis showed no single SNP, which may affect the causal relation. All findings indicated that the causal relationship between TMD and insomnia was not significantly affected by any individual SNP and that IV did not bias the results. Conclusion Results of MR analyses showed that TMD is a risk factor for insomnia, whereas insomnia is not a risk factor for TMD.

Graphical abstract

关键词

颞下颌关节紊乱病 / 失眠 / 孟德尔随机化 / 全基因组关联研究 / 风险因素

Key words

temporomandibular disorder / insomnia / Mendelian randomization / genome-wide association study / risk factors

引用本文

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袁玮,程一茗,崔蕴熠,高朵朵. 颞下颌关节紊乱病与失眠之间因果关系的两样本孟德尔随机化研究[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2025, 43(03): 354-361 DOI:10.7518/hxkq.2025.2024255

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颞下颌关节紊乱病(temporomandibular disorder,TMD)是最常见的慢性疾病之一,它是涉及咀嚼肌、颞下颌关节(temporomandibular joint,TMJ)和其他颌面解剖结构的肌肉骨骼疼痛[1]。在最近的一项关于TMD在普通人群中患病率的研究中显示,TMD困扰了大约31%的成年人和老年人及11%的儿童和青少年[2]。目前,TMD的病因仍不清楚,总体而言,它被认为是由多种致病因素引起的疾病,包括心理、生理、解剖结构、创伤和遗传因素等[3]。这些因素会启动或加剧TMD的发生发展,从而导致TMD体征和症状的出现[4]。TMD的主要临床症状是特发性和阵发性的肌肉骨骼疼痛、TMJ杂音、下颌运动异常和相关功能障碍[5]。这些症状,尤其是疼痛的存在可能会影响和降低患者的生活质量,干扰他们的情感和社交生活[6-7]
众所周知,精神疾病是目前TMD最主要的病因之一[8]。近年来,精神疾病在全球范围内的发病率呈上升趋势,抑郁症、焦虑症等精神疾病给公共卫生带来了沉重负担[9-10]。抑郁症是最常见的精神疾病,据世界卫生组织预测,到2030年,抑郁症将成为全球最大的疾病负担[11]。睡眠障碍,尤其是失眠症状,会影响抑郁症治疗过程[12-13]。临床和流行病学研究[14]表明,失眠症状往往先于抑郁症发作。失眠是一种严重的睡眠障碍,构成了严重的公共卫生问题,只有当症状长期持续且大于3个月,并且睡眠障碍导致临床上显著的痛苦并损害日常生活活动时,才会诊断为失眠症[15]。未经治疗的失眠会给人们带来沉重的负担,表现为日间功能、生活质量和工作效率受损[16]。值得一提的是,失眠常见于TMD患者[17],有研究[18-19]表明失眠症状会影响慢性疼痛的维持和发展。失眠相关的睡眠不足会导致机体的促炎状态并加剧疼痛[20-21]。然而,在一项关于颞下颌关节骨关节病(temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis,TMJ-OA)的研究中并没有足够的证据表明TMJ-OA患者与睡眠障碍的增加或睡眠质量较差有关[22]。此外,对于TMD与失眠因果关系的研究仍不充分。本研究旨在使用全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study,GWAS)数据进行双向孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization,MR)分析来评估TMD与失眠之间的因果关系。
MR分析是流行病学领域广泛应用的一种实验设计方法,通过引入工具变量(instrumental varia-ble,IV)来分析暴露因素和结局之间的因果关系,MR中的这些IV必须满足3个假设:1)相关性假设:与暴露强相关;2)排他性假说:与结果无关;3)独立性假设:与混杂因素无关[23-24]。本研究通过使用来自FinnGen数据库(https://www.finngen.fi/en)中的TMD和失眠的数据进行双向MR分析,旨在阐明TMD和失眠之间的潜在因果关系。

1 材料和方法

1.1 研究设计

本研究通过对GWAS数据的双向MR分析阐明TMD和失眠之间的潜在因果关系,设计示意图见图1

1.2 参与者的数据来源

本研究中使用的TMD相关患者数据以及失眠患者数据均来自欧洲样本FinnGen项目(https://www.finngen.fi/en[25]。所有参与者均提供了知情同意书。此项目整合了芬兰生物银行和芬兰健康登记处疾病终点的基因数据,旨在对50万芬兰人进行基因型分析。本文进行了一项双向、两个样本的MR研究,以探讨TMD和失眠之间的因果关系。该研究从GWAS数据中获得了10 303例TMD病例和366 974例对照病例,4 214例失眠病例和371 145例对照病例。

1.3 数据筛选

IV的筛选符合以下条件:1)与暴露受试者的相关性(P<5e-5)[26];2)排除连锁不平衡的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SN-P)(r2>0.001,kb=10 000)[27];3)验证IV与暴露受试者之间的关联强度(F>10)[28];4)使用Phenoscanner数据库(http://www.phenoscanner.medschl.cam.ac.uk/)去除混杂因素[29]。上述条件将为本研究筛选出更可靠的IV,从而提高本研究结果的可靠性。R软件用于合并暴露受试者和结果受试者的数据并匹配效应等位基因[30]

1.4 MR分析

利用关联汇总数据进行双向双样本MR分析,以探讨TMD和失眠之间的双向因果关系。如果与暴露相关的SNP在结果的GWAS数据中丢失,使用LDlink(https://ldlink.nci.nih.gov/)将该SNP替换为与其存在高度连锁不平衡(r2>0.08)的代理SNP[27]。MR分析包括5种分析方法,分别为逆方差加权法(inverse variance weighting,IVW)、MR-Egger法、加权中位数估计、加权模式和简单模式,其中IVW和MR-Egger法是本研究最重要的分析方法[31]P<0.05,表明暴露因素影响结局因素。使用R包“TwoSampleMR”和“MendelianRandomization”进行单变量MR分析,使用R包“MR-PRESSO”进行MR-PRESSO分析。

1.5 质量控制

1.5.1 异质性检验

使用异质性测试验证每个IV之间的异质性。在主要分析中,计算每个遗传变异的Wald比率估计值,并使用IVW法总结了估计值。当P>0.05时,认为不存在异质性,选择固定效应模型进行MR分析;当P<0.05时,认为存在异质性,选择随机效应模型[32]

1.5.2 多效性检验

使用多重有效性检验验证多个IV之间水平多效性的存在。MR-Egger和IVW之间最大的区别在于回归分析中是否考虑截距项的存在。当P>0.05时,认为无水平多效性,以IVW分析结果作为MR分析的主要结果;当P<0.05时,认为存在水平多效性,以MR-Egger分析结果作为MR分析的主要结果[33]

1.5.3 敏感性分析

使用R语言包中的“leave-one-out”进行敏感性分析,逐一剔除单个SNP后对结果进行重新分析,以确定效应估计是否由特定的单个SNP引起,从而判断IVW估计的高影响点,也可判断结果的稳定性[34]

2 结果

2.1 SNP

SNP是基因组水平上由单核苷酸变异引起的DNA序列多态性,占已知多态性的90%以上。本研究的所有数据均选取最新、最大样本量的GW-AS数据。TMD的GWAS ID为finngen_R9_DENTAL_TMD,共包含377 277个样本,其中实验组10 303个,对照组366 974个。失眠的GWAS ID为finngen_R9_F5_INSOMNIA,共包含375 359个样本,其中实验组为4 214个样本,对照组为371 145个样本。以TMD为暴露,失眠为结果,提取了107个SNP。以失眠为暴露,TMD为结果,提取了87个SNP。

2.2 MR分析

两样本MR分析显示:当TMD作为失眠的风险因素时,TMD和失眠之间存在因果关系(OR=1.089,95%CI:1.017~1.166,P=0.014)。然而,当失眠作为TMD的风险因素时,两者之间则不存在因果关系(OR=0.996,95%CI:0.964~1.029,P=0.816)(表1)。

2.3 质量控制

2.3.1 异质性分析

本研究采用MR-Egger回归进行了异质性检验,并用Cochran Q检验统计数据进行量化。当TMD作为暴露因素,失眠作为结局因素时,结果显示:Q=97.313,P=0.557;相反,失眠作为暴露因素,TMD作为结局因素时,Q=87.087,P=0.330(图2表2)。异质性检验结果显示,各SNP之间不存在异质性,水平多效性不太可能扭曲失眠和TMD之间的因果关系,实验结果未受到异质性的影响。

2.3.2 多效性分析

本研究采用MR-Egger截距对IV的水平多效性进行分析。当TMD作为暴露因素,失眠作为结局因素时,结果显示PD截距=-0.001,P=0.888;相反,失眠作为暴露因素,TMD作为结局因素时,PD截距=0.003,P=0.517(表2)。结果表明此次MR分析基本上不存在水平多效性。失眠和TMD因果关系的散点图显示,几种分析方法得到的回归直线方向基本一致(图3)。

2.3.3 敏感性分析

通过MR留一法对敏感性进行了分析,结果表明,失眠和TMD的因果估计不受任何一个SNP驱动。

3 讨论

关于TMD的病因学研究仍存在争议,而关于TMD和失眠之间的关联也鲜有研究。为了探讨TMD与失眠之间的关系,本研究利用GWAS数据库的相关资源进行两样本MR分析。本研究采用MR方法排除了混杂因素并探索其双向因果关系,使研究结果具有更高的准确性和置信度。结果显示,TMD是失眠发生率增加的风险因素(OR=1.089,95%CI:1.017~1.166,P=0.014),结果不受混杂因素的影响。而当失眠作为风险因素时,其与TMD发生率的增加并不存在因果关联(OR=0.996,95%CI:0.964~1.029,P=0.816)。

既往关于TMD和失眠之间关系的探索并不充分,在关于特质样积极情感(positive affect,PA)的研究中或许能为TMD和失眠之间的关联提供一定的见解。有研究表明,PA与慢性疼痛患者疼痛减轻有关[35],日常生活中PA升高可降低疼痛强度[36-37],在健康样本中,特质样PA与静息外周炎症之间存在负相关[38-42]。尽管PA可能对TMD中的白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6起到保护作用,但这种作用可能会受到睡眠不足的威胁,而睡眠不足在TMD中很常见[17,43]。睡眠质量差所导致的交感神经外流增加[44]以及在TMD患者中观察到的交感神经外流增加[45]抵消了PA对交感神经系统活动的抑制、副交感神经活动的增强[46]以及恢复性影响[47]。众所周知,交感神经和副交感神经分别是导致外周炎症升高和降低的因素[48]。最新的研究[49]显示,睡眠对患有TMD的女性PA与IL-6之间的关联具有新的调节作用。在一项TMD疼痛的研究[50]中显示,炎症标志物肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、IL-1、IL-6、IL-10和前列腺素可能在调节TMD疼痛中发挥作用,并可能预测疼痛的发生,从而成为TMD的诊断工具。研究[51]显示,在生理性睡眠期间,促炎细胞因子(IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α)减少,而失眠症患者的免疫水平发生变化,其促炎细胞因子水平升高,分泌率改变,淋巴细胞水平下降,这意味着PA与IL-6可能是TMD与失眠之间关联的桥梁,它们彼此之间相互影响。疼痛与睡眠之间的关系可被视为一个由直接和间接途径组成的网络,疼痛的反刍成分通过改变自我睡眠报告间接导致TMD疼痛[52]。有学者[53]认为抑郁相关的认知功能障碍是可能存在的间接途径。因此,关于TMD(伴有颌面部疼痛)患者睡眠与疼痛之间联系的不同途径的观点应扩展到生物-心理-社会层面[54]。众所周知,褪黑素主要用于改善失眠患者的睡眠情况[55],在一项关于褪黑素治疗TMD肌筋膜痛的研究中,学者[56]认为褪黑素可以减轻疼痛,同时褪黑素可能会成为治疗慢性疼痛的另一种治疗选择。然而,尽管褪黑激素可以改善睡眠质量,并可以缓解TMD的疼痛,但褪黑素对疼痛的影响与睡眠质量的变化并无关联。一项来自韩国的研究[57]表明,原发性睡眠障碍是TMD的独立风险因素,即使在调整了TMD的众所周知的混杂因素(包括年龄和性别等人口统计学特征以及家庭收入、吸烟、饮酒和体育锻炼水平等环境因素)后,这种发病率仍然显著增加。原发性睡眠障碍包括原发性失眠、睡眠呼吸暂停等,其中原发性失眠最为常见。值得一提的是,尽管韩国国民健康保险服务-国家健康筛查队列同样纳入了大量的样本,但本研究结果仍与其有所出入,究其原因认为是这项来自韩国的研究提到其只是尽量控制了混杂因素,与MR方法不尽相同,即MR中的IV须满足3个假设。此外,韩国的样本与FinnGen数据库中的样本不尽相同,这可能导致与本研究结果不一致。但是这些结果侧面印证了以失眠症状为主的原发性睡眠障碍与TMD的密切关系,这值得未来在机制层面的进一步研究。本研究通过两样本MR的方法探索TMD与失眠的因果关系并得到初步的研究结果,即TMD是失眠的风险因素,而失眠不是TMD的风险因素。虽然本研究从MR层面为TMD与失眠的因果关系提供了证据,然而本研究仍处于初步阶段,在后续的研究中将致力于进一步探讨TMD影响失眠的具体机制,可能包括神经系统的变化、疼痛感受路径的激活,或者是心理压力的增加如何通过TMD影响睡眠质量。以及重点寻找与TMD相关的生物标志物,评估其是否可以作为预测失眠的工具,这些生物标志物的识别有助于早期诊断和干预,从而降低失眠的风险。设计临床试验来验证改善或治疗TMD是否能够减轻失眠症状将成为重要的研究方向,从而为失眠患者提供新的治疗策略。

综上所述,本研究通过MR分析表明TMD与失眠的因果关系,现有证据表明TMD是失眠的风险因素,而失眠不是TMD的风险因素,尽管本研究存在一定局限性,例如纳入样本均为欧洲血统,但本研究提供的两组疾病间的MR分析证据为探讨两者的相互作用机制提供了重要线索。

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