遗传性乳光牙本质1例及文献回顾

宋经娥 ,  南燕 ,  张瑞

华西口腔医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (04) : 530 -533.

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华西口腔医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (04) : 530 -533. DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2025.2025068
儿童口腔医学诊疗新进展

遗传性乳光牙本质1例及文献回顾

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Case report of dentinogenesis imperfecta and review of literature

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摘要

遗传性乳光牙本质是一种常染色体显性遗传性牙本质发育缺陷疾病,发病率低,临床罕见。本文报道1例就诊于兰州大学口腔医院儿童口腔科的遗传性乳光牙本质的病例,对先证者的4代家系谱进行调查并进行相关文献回顾,发现遗传性乳光牙本质男女均可发病,乳恒牙均可受累,家族发病率高。通过分析遗传性乳光牙本质的临床表现,探讨早期管理策略,以期提高临床医师对遗传性乳光牙本质的认识和管理,提高患者的生活质量。

Abstract

Dentinogenesis imperfecta is a dentin development disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It is rarely seen in clinical with a low incidence rate. We reported a case of dentinogenesis imperfecta referred to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University. Investigation of the four-generation pedigree of the proband and review of relevant literature indicated that dentinogenesis imperfecta equally affects both genders and involves deciduous and permanent teeth with a high familial prevalence. By analyzing the clinical manifestations of dentinogenesis imperfecta and exploring early management strategies, this case study aims to enhance dentists’ understan-ding and management of this condition to improve patients’ quality of life.

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关键词

遗传性乳光牙本质 / 常染色体显性遗传 / 牙本质发育疾病

Key words

dentinogenesis imperfecta / autosomal dominant inheritance / dentin development disorder

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宋经娥,南燕,张瑞. 遗传性乳光牙本质1例及文献回顾[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2025, 43(04): 530-533 DOI:10.7518/hxkq.2025.2025068

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遗传性乳光牙本质是一种罕见的常染色体显性遗传性疾病,主要发生在组织分化阶段,影响牙本质的发育,属于牙本质发育缺陷疾病[1]。临床罕见,发病率为1/8 000[2]。乳牙和恒牙均可受累,临床表现为牙齿具有琥珀色半透明性,从灰紫色到黄棕色不等,影像学特征为髓腔狭窄或闭锁,根管细窄甚至消失[3]。本文报告1例就诊于兰州大学口腔医院儿童口腔科的遗传性乳光牙本质患者,探讨其发病机制和治疗方法,以期为此类疾病的诊疗提供一定的参考价值。

1 病例报告

1.1 一般资料

先证者,男,5岁,因牙齿变色伴釉质磨损就诊。先证者既往体健,否认全身系统性疾病,否认四环素服用史,有家族遗传史。

1.2 临床检查

患者面下1/3高度基本正常,开口型及开口度正常。乳牙列阶段,第二乳磨牙末端平面呈近中型,咬合关系正常,全口牙呈琥珀色半透明改变,乳磨牙表面釉质不同程度剥脱及磨耗(图1A~C)。曲面体层片显示全口釉质层较薄,釉牙本质界呈直线状平坦界面,乳切牙及乳磨牙髓腔闭锁,根管影像消失,第一乳磨牙髓腔较小,髓角较低,根管细小(图1D)。

1.3 家系谱调查

先证者及家庭成员均无全身系统性疾病。对先证者及其家系成员进行家系谱调查,收集其遗传家族病史。家系谱图可追溯4代,共15人,6人罹患遗传性乳光牙本质(图2),男女均可罹患,乳恒牙均可累及,家族发病率高。

1.4 诊断及治疗方案

遗传性乳光牙本质的诊断通常需结合先证者表型特征、影像学检查及对家系成员的相关疾病调查等综合判断。因先证者具有典型的临床表现、影像学特征及家族病史,此病例诊断为遗传性乳光牙本质。

根据先证者的临床表现、配合程度及监护人的诉求等综合评估后制定治疗计划:定期口腔涂氟及乳磨牙窝沟封闭术。

2 讨论

牙本质发育缺陷是一种罕见的以牙本质发育异常为特征的遗传性疾病,特征是牙本质结构的改变。Shields将其分为牙本质发育不良(dentin dysplasia,DD)和牙本质生成不全症(dentinoge-nesis imperfecta,DGI),前者含有DD-Ⅰ和DD-Ⅱ 2个亚型,后者含有DGI-Ⅰ、DGI-Ⅱ和DGI-Ⅲ 3个亚型[4]。DD-Ⅰ又称为神经根性牙本质发育不良,表现为冠部釉质及牙本质正常,牙齿形态及颜色均正常,而根部牙本质丧失、牙根短而钝,致使牙齿早失,其致病基因为VPS4B、SSUH2和SMO-C2[5]。DGI-Ⅰ型是成骨不全的口腔表现,不属于独立的牙本质发育缺陷疾病,其致病基因为CO-L1A1和COL1A2[6]。DD-Ⅱ、DGI-Ⅱ和DGI-Ⅲ是独立的牙本质疾病,由牙本质唾液磷蛋白(dentin sialophosphoprotein,DSPP)基因突变所致[7]。因上述牙本质发育缺陷疾病的临床表现和突变基因不同,新分类将DGI-Ⅰ排除在外,分为神经根性牙本质发育不良(Shields DD-Ⅰ)和DSPP相关的DGI[8-9]。DSPP蛋白是由前成釉细胞在钟状晚期瞬时表达及成牙本质细胞在牙本质形成过程中持续分泌,DSPP基因的氨基末端(N端)区域为牙本质唾液蛋白(dentin sialoprotein,DSP)编码序列,羧基末端(C端)区域为牙本质磷蛋白(dentin phosphoprotein,DPP)编码序列,DSPP蛋白在分泌后被裂解为DSP和DPP[10]。DSP和DPP是牙本质基质的两种非胶原蛋白,在牙本质发育和矿化中起重要作用,其发生突变可造成牙齿正常发育过程受到影响,导致不同程度的牙本质发育缺陷[11]。DSP是调节牙本质开始矿化的关键蛋白,DSP区的突变通常会导致DGI-Ⅲ[8]。而DPP是调节牙本质小管形成和牙本质矿化成熟的关键蛋白[12],DPP区突变是导致DGI-Ⅱ和DD-Ⅱ的主要原因[8,13]。因DD-Ⅱ、DGI-Ⅱ和DGI-Ⅲ均由DSPP基因突变引起而被认为是同一个疾病谱,但是三者临床表现不同,最严重的是DGI-Ⅲ,其次是DGI-Ⅱ,DD-Ⅱ最轻[7,9]

遗传性乳光牙本质也称为DGI-Ⅱ,病变可累及乳牙列和恒牙列。研究显示DGI-Ⅱ型因DSPP突变导致牙本质矿化不良,牙本质小管形态畸变,数量减少,造成牙本质形成紊乱,牙本质结构缺陷,而反应性牙本质生成增加,髓腔结构消失,因而致密的牙本质结构增强了牙齿颜色的偏差,呈现出从灰紫色到黄棕色不等的琥珀色半透明性[14-15]。DSPP基因突变导致牙本质形成缺陷,牙本质-釉质交界处凹凸状结构消失,两者之间的附着不良,缺乏足够的牙本质支撑,造成釉质极易从牙本质上剥脱[16-17]。另外,DGI-Ⅱ型牙本质中Mg含量减少,但Na含量增加[18],使得牙本质纳米硬度和弹性模量显著低于正常牙本质,造成DGI-Ⅱ型牙本质的耐磨性比正常牙本质低[14],牙本质过度磨损。但是,反应性牙本质的沉积使牙髓腔逐渐消失,受累牙并不敏感[19]。本病例全口牙齿呈琥珀色半透明、釉质剥脱、乳磨牙(牙合)面磨耗,影像学检查为乳切牙及乳磨牙根管闭锁,符合DGI-Ⅱ的典型临床表现以及影像学特征,因而诊断为遗传性乳光牙本质(DGI-Ⅱ)。

早期诊断和干预对于DGI-Ⅱ患者获得良好的预后至关重要。对疾病的准确诊断是制订治疗方案的依据。结合先证者的详细临床资料、影像学检查及家系谱可对DGI-Ⅱ做出正确诊断。乳牙列初期仅有牙本质发育异常的表现,若未进行早期预防及管理,病情进展可导致釉质剥脱、牙齿磨耗、垂直距离及咀嚼功能降低,继发咬合紊乱[20-21]。因此,对于遗传性乳光牙本质需做到早诊断,及时采取预防性干预措施,尽可能避免因治疗不及时导致的牙体硬组织丧失甚至咬合高度降低,故其治疗目标为预防牙体组织磨耗,防止咬合高度丧失,恢复牙齿的功能及美观[22]。乳牙列患者仅有牙本质发育异常时,局部应用氟化物及窝沟封闭作为早期预防的措施[23]。当磨耗出现垂直距离降低时,需尽早采用透明树脂冠及金属预成冠修复,以维持咬合高度、恢复牙齿咀嚼功能及美观[24]。对于磨耗严重且垂直距离显著丧失的患者,则需通过覆盖义齿重建咬合关系[21]。本病例患者为乳牙列阶段,临床检查显示面下1/3高度基本正常,尚未出现明显的咬合高度丧失。此外,结合患者家长拒绝进行牙体预备、希望保留天然牙的意愿,本病例最终为患者实施乳磨牙窝沟封闭术及口腔涂氟治疗,建议定期随访观察。

综上所述,临床医师应基于对患者详细的病史采集、全面的临床检查、发育阶段的准确评估及美学要求等情况的不同综合评估来制订个性化的治疗方案,从而达到最佳的治疗效果。

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基金资助

兰州大学口腔医学院(口腔医院)科研基金(lzukqky-2023-t05)

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