结构地震监测中常用加速度仪性能比测研究

Performance comparison of commonly used accelerographs in structural seismic monitoring

摘要

加速度监测设备种类繁多，性能差异显著。本文选取10组在地震工程领域常用的加速度监测设备，在统一条件下按照现行相关标准对比测试了各型设备的测量范围误差、线性度误差、动态范围和幅频特性等关键指标。在此基础上，针对实际结构监测中对低频性能要求较高的特点，引入加密的低频测试工况并提出基于带通滤波的频点噪声指标，拓展了对噪声在更广泛的离散频率上进行定量表征的能力，以更好地适应结构地震监测的实际需求。通过对比各性能指标的实测值与标称值，分析了不同设备之间的性能差异，并探讨了不同技术参数之间的内在联系。研究结果表明，多种型号设备的实测性能与标称指标之间均存在不可忽视的偏差，现行标准中基于0.01~50 Hz频带的噪声定义的动态范围指标难以有效反映设备在1 Hz以下低频段的噪声与幅频特性差异，低频性能仍是制约加速度监测设备工程应用的关键因素。本文提出的频点噪声指标能够在统一频带宽度条件下对噪声进行离散化定量表征，揭示不同类型传感器在低频噪声分布上的差异特征，并弥补传统评价方法对低频性能刻画不足的问题。研究成果可为监测设备在不同应用场景下的合理选型、低频性能评价方法的改进及相关测试规范的完善提供参考。

Abstract

Acceleration monitoring devices show significant diversity in type and performance. In this study, ten types of acceleration monitoring instruments commonly used in earthquake engineering were compared and tested under unified conditions in accordance with current standards. Key performance metrics, including measurement range error, linearity error, dynamic range, and frequency response error, were systematically evaluated. To meet the demand for improved low-frequency performance in structural monitoring, additional low-frequency test conditions were introduced. Furthermore, a frequency-point noise metric based on band-pass filtering was proposed to enable the quantitative characterization of noise at discrete frequencies using a uniform bandwidth. The results reveal notable discrepancies between measured performance and nominal specifications. In particular, the dynamic range defined in current standards based on noise within the 0.01~50 Hz frequency band is inadequate for characterizing noise and frequency response errors below 1 Hz, indicating that low-frequency performance remains a critical limiting factor for current acceleration monitoring devices. The proposed metric reveals differences in low-frequency noise distributions among different sensor types and provides a basis for device selection, performance evaluation, design optimization, and the improvement of low-frequency performance assessment methods and relevant testing standards.

关键词

强震仪 / 烈度仪 / 线性度误差 / 动态范围 / 幅频特性

Key words

strong-motion accelerograph / seismic intensity meter / linearity error / dynamic range / frequency response

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基金资助

“十四五”国家重点研发计划课题(2024YFF0508103)