北京山区侧柏和油松人工林邻体干扰研究

Neighbor interference of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabuliformis plantations in Beijing mountainous areas

摘要

【目的】邻体竞争评价是人工林目标木选择、密度调控和科学抚育的重要基础，而竞争木选择方法和竞争指数构建方式会直接影响竞争强度判定结果。本研究旨在明确适用于北京山区侧柏和油松人工林的邻体竞争评价方法，分析两树种邻体竞争相关特征，以期为人工林竞争识别、邻域空间调控和抚育间伐提供依据。【方法】基于北京十三陵地区 15 块侧柏和油松人工纯林样地林木定位调查数据，将胸径 ≥ 4 cm 的侧柏和油松确定为对象木，并采用样地平移法进行边缘校正。分别采用四邻体法和逐步扩大半径法筛选竞争木，其中后者通过分段线性拟合确定树种和不同径级的最适邻体范围，并结合配对t 检验比较两树种差异。以 Hegyi 竞争指数为基础，利用胸径、树高、冠幅及其组合构建 7 类邻体竞争指数；通过比较样地间竞争指数差异、竞争指数与林木因子相关性及拟合等关联表现，筛选适宜的竞争木选择方法。在选定方法下进一步评价竞争指数和林木因子的表征表现，同时对比两树种相关邻体竞争特征。【结果】（1）侧柏和油松的整体最适邻体范围接近，且均表现为小径级个体的最适邻体范围较大，随着胸径增大总体下降并趋于稳定的变化规律。（2）四邻体法在同一小班内检出的相同竞争指数显著差异项少于逐步扩大半径法，且四邻体法所得竞争指数与胸径、树高、冠幅的相关性和拟合优度普遍高于逐步扩大半径法，与对象木林木因子的关联更为紧密。表明四邻体法更适合作为后续邻体竞争指数与林木因子评价的主要依据。（3）在基于四邻体法下的 7 类邻体竞争指数中，综合竞争指数（CI-DHW）与多个林木因子的相关性和拟合表现整体较好，表明综合 3 个林木因子的 CI-DHW 对邻体竞争强度的综合表征更好。（4）在四邻体法下，相较于树高与冠幅，胸径与邻体竞争指数的关联程度整体更高，显示出较好的基础指示潜力，侧柏冠幅和油松树高作为辅助判断因子。【结论】在本研究林分条件下，侧柏和油松人工林邻体竞争强度评价中的最适宜竞争木选择方法、基础指示因子和邻体竞争指数分别为四邻体法、胸径和 CI-DHW，研究结果可为目标木竞争识别和邻体调控等抚育措施提供依据。

Abstract

[Objective] Neighborhood competition evaluation is fundamental to target-tree selection, density regulation, and silvicultural tending in plantations, while competitor selection methods and competition index construction directly influence competition intensity assessment. This study aimed to identify suitable methods for evaluating neighborhood competition inPlatycladus orientalis and Pinus tabuliformis plantations in Beijing mountainous areas, and to analyze the competition characteristics of both species, with the aim of informing competition assessment, neighborhood spatial regulation, and tending thinning in plantations. [Method] Based on tree-mapped survey data from 15 sample plots of purePlatycladus orientalis and Pinus tabuliformis plantations in the Ming Tombs area of Beijing, trees with DBH ≥ 4 cm were defined as subject trees, and edge correction was conducted using the plot translation method. Competitor trees were identified using the four-neighbor method and the gradually increasing radius method, respectively; for the gradually increasing radius method, segmented linear fitting was used to determine the optimal neighborhood ranges at the species and diameter-class levels, and pairedt-tests were used to compare the two species. Based on the Hegyi competition index, seven types of neighborhood competition indices were constructed using DBH, tree height, crown width, and their combinations. The suitability of the two competitor-tree selection methods was evaluated by comparing among-plot differences in competition indices, as well as the correlations and fitting performance between competition indices and tree attributes. Under the selected method, the performance of different competition indices and tree attributes in characterizing neighborhood competition was further evaluated, and neighborhood competition characteristics were compared between the two species. [Result] (1) The overall optimal neighborhood ranges ofPlatycladus orientalis and Pinus tabuliformis were similar. For both species, the optimal neighborhood range was larger for small-diameter trees and generally decreased and tended to stabilize with increasing DBH. (2) Comparisons among plots within the same compartment showed that the four-neighbor method detected fewer significant differences in competition intensity than the gradually increasing radius method. The overall analysis across all sample plots showed that competition indices derived from the four-neighbor method generally had stronger correlations and higher goodness of fit with DBH, tree height, and crown width of subject trees. These results indicated that the four-neighbor method was more suitable as the main basis for the subsequent evaluation of neighborhood competition indices and tree attributes. (3) Among the seven types of neighborhood competition indices based on the four-neighbor method, CI-DHW generally showed good correlations and fitting performance with multiple tree attributes, indicating that CI-DHW, which integrates three tree attributes, provided a better overall characterization of neighborhood competition intensity. (4) Under the four-neighbor method, DBH generally showed stronger associations with neighborhood competition indices than tree height and crown width, indicating its potential as a basic indicator of neighborhood competition, with crown width ofPlatycladus orientalis and tree height of Pinus tabuliformis as auxiliary judging factors. [Conclusion] Under the studied stand conditions, the most suitable competitor-tree selection method, basic indicator, and neighborhood competition index for evaluating neighborhood competition intensity inPlatycladus orientalis and Pinus tabuliformis plantations were the four-neighbor method, DBH, and CI-DHW, respectively. These results can provide a basis for target-tree competition identification, neighborhood regulation, and related tending practices.

关键词

侧柏 / 油松 / 人工林 / 最适邻体范围 / 邻体竞争指数 / 干扰效应 / 森林经营 / 科学抚育

Key words

Platycladus orientalis / Pinus tabuliformis / plantation / optimal neighborhood range / neighborhood competition index / disturbance effect / forest management / scientific tending

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基金资助

北京山区生态林经营管理支撑项目(2024-LYZ-01-007)

国家自然科学基金项目(32171521)