基于 BBCH 量表的红松果林物候期编码和描述

Phenological coding and description of Pinus koraiensis nut-production forests based on the BBCH scale

摘要

【目的】探究基于 BBCH 量表的红松全生育期标准化物候编码方案，筛选适用于红松营养生长和生殖生长阶段各器官发育进程的量化描述指标，以期为红松嫁接果林的精准管理提供统一、可靠的物候观测依据。【方法】以黑龙江省延寿县林业局实验林场 11 年生红松嫁接果林为研究对象，于 2022—2024 年连续 3 个生长季（3—10 月）定期观测芽、叶、枝、花、果等器官的形态变化，结合图像、测量数据及定量标准，依据 BBCH 量表划分主要与次级物候阶段，建立全生育期的物候编码体系。从 Climate AP v3.0 软件提取同期月最高温、月最低温、月均温及降水量数据，绘制物候−气候关系示意图。【结果】（1）营养生长过程包括营养芽发育（PGS 0）、针叶发育（PGS 1）、新梢发育（PGS 3）和休眠（PGS 9）4 个阶段，每个阶段具有独特的形态特征和可量化生长表现。（2）生殖生长过程包括花芽发育（PGS 5）、开花（PGS 6）、果实发育（PGS 7）和果实成熟（PGS 8）4 个阶段，每个阶段具有独特的形态特征，其中球果当年生长量有限，生长主要发生在第 2 年。（3）营养生长 4 个阶段的 BBCH 采用 2 位数编码记录方法，生殖生长的花芽发育、开花与球果成熟阶段的 BBCH 采用 3 位数编码记录方法，果实发育阶段采用 2 位数编码记录方法；在编码过程中，采用了以针叶长度发育指数（10%、20%、50%、70%、90%）、新梢长度发育指数（10%、30%、50%、90%）和球果体积发育指数（15%、30%、50%、70%、90%）作为各器官次级阶段划分的量化分级标准。（4）将 BBCH 物候编码与气候进行对应，BBCH 主要阶段与月均温、降水量呈时序同步关系。【结论】本研究构建了包含营养生长和生殖生长过程的 8 个主要生长阶段、50 个次级物候期的红松 BBCH 物候编码体系，BBCH 物候阶段的季节分布与气候因子的年际变化同步性明显。研究结果为指导红松果林的精准管理提供了标准化物候学依据。

Abstract

[Objective] This study aimed to establish a standardized phenological coding system for the entire growth cycle ofPinus koraiensis based on the BBCH scale, and to identify quantitative descriptive indicators applicable to the developmental processes of various organs during vegetative and reproductive growth, thereby providing a unified and reliable phenological observation framework for the precise management of graftedP. koraiensis nut-production forests. [Method] The study was conducted on an 11-year-old graftedP. koraiensis orchard at the Experimental Forest Farm of Yanshou County Forestry Bureau in Heilongjiang Province. Regular observations of morphological changes in buds, leaves, branches, flowers, and fruits were conducted over three consecutive growing seasons (March to October) from 2022 to 2024. By integrating images, measurement data and quantitative criteria, major and minor phenological stages were classified according to the BBCH scale.Monthly maximum, minimum and average temperature data, along with precipitation data for the corresponding period, were extracted from the Climate AP v3.0 software to generate a schematic illustration depicting the relationships between phenology and climate. [Result] (1) The vegetative growth process comprises four distinct stages: vegetative bud development (PGS 0), needle development (PGS 1), shoot development (PGS 3) and dormancy (PGS 9), with each stage exhibiting unique morphological traits and quantifiable growth manifestations. (2) The reproductive growth process encompasses four stages: flower bud development (PGS 5), flowering (PGS 6), fruit development (PGS 7) and fruit maturation (PGS 8), each characterized by distinct morphological features. Notably, cone growth is constrained in the current year, with the primary growth occurring in the subsequent year. (3) The BBCH coding system employs a two-digit recording method for the four stages of vegetative growth, whereas a three-digit recording method is utilized for the stages of floral bud development, flowering and cone maturation during reproductive growth. Additionally, the fruit development stage is recorded using a two-digit coding method. During the coding process, quantitative grading criteria for the secondary stage classification of each organ were established, utilizing the needle length development index (10%, 20%, 50%, 70%, 90%), the shoot length development index (10%, 30%, 50%, 90%), and the cone volume development index (15%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%). (4) The BBCH phenological coding exhibits a correlation with climatic conditions, with the principal BBCH stages demonstrating temporal synchrony with monthly mean temperatures and precipitation levels. [Conclusion] This study developed a phenological coding system forP. koraiensis utilizing the BBCH scale, which encompasses eight principal growth stages and fifty subsidiary phenological phases. The seasonal distribution of BBCH phenological stages exhibits a significant synchronicity with the interannual variations in climatic factors, providing a standardized phenological basis for guiding precise management of P. koraiensis nut-production forests.

关键词

红松 / BBCH 编码 / 果林 / 发育阶段 / 物候期 / 物候−气候

Key words

Pinus koraiensis / BBCH code / nut-production forests / developmental stages / phenology / phenology-climate

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基金资助

黑龙江省自然科学基金项目(LH2024C111)

黑龙江省省属科研院所科研业务费项目(CZKYF2026-A008、YB2024-07)