基于高配合力亲本的毛白杨三倍体诱导与优异种质选择

Triploid induction and elite germplasm selection in Populus tomentosa based on high-combining-ability parents

摘要

【目的】基于不同配合力亲本组合，开展毛白杨高温诱导雌配子染色体加倍技术研究，确定雌配子染色体加倍有效处理时期，筛选三倍体优异种质，以期为毛白杨杂交育种、三倍体育种以及遗传改良提供重要参考与种质资源。【方法】立足于前期研究基础，基于分子遗传距离预测组配了高配合力、中等配合力以及低配合力的共11个毛白杨杂交亲本组合；利用花芽和柱头形态等与雌配子发生的对应关系即时判别大孢子母细胞减数分裂进程；根据最佳授粉时间决定胚囊染色体加倍有效处理时期；通过无性系苗期对比试验，结合布雷金多性状综合评定法及 t检验显著性分析，对三倍体种质的生长表现进行综合评价，筛选获得毛白杨三倍体优异种质。【结果】（1）毛白杨雌花序基本伸出芽鳞、小花呈淡黄色、柱头由浅粉色转为粉红色，且分叉张角达到30°~40°，即大孢子母细胞多处于减数分裂终变期时，为大孢子染色体加倍的最佳处理时期；而胚囊染色体加倍的有效处理时期为授粉后24 h前后。（2）高温诱导毛白杨雌配子染色体加倍共获得杂种三倍体1 765株，其中大孢子染色体加倍来源的三倍体1 517株，胚囊染色体加倍来源三倍体248株。（3）不同亲本组合的毛白杨三倍体子代苗期生长表现存在差异，三倍体平均苗高和地径生长量显著高于二倍体，高配合力亲本组合的三倍体更具生长优势，其株高和地径分别较中等配合力三倍体提高约15%和5%，较低配合力三倍体提高约78%和41%；经初选和复选，主要从2个高配合力亲本组合中筛选出了38个生长表现突出的毛白杨三倍体优异种质。【结论】雌花序形态变化和最佳授粉时期可作为毛白杨雌配子染色体加倍有效处理时期判别的重要依据。在此基础上，结合高配合力亲本组合，通过高温诱导雌配子染色体加倍，共筛选获得38个生长表现突出的毛白杨三倍体种质。后续可进一步开展遗传稳定性、无性繁殖及区域适应性评价等研究，为毛白杨优良三倍体新品种的选育与推广提供理论依据和种质基础。

Abstract

[Objective] In poplar breeding, especially in Populus tomentosa, triploid breeding has emerged as an effective strategy for improving growth performance and forestry traits. This study aimed to investigate the technique of female gamete chromosome doubling in P. tomentosa using parental combinations with different combining abilities, and to select superior triploid offspring. The research provides important references and germplasm resources for hybridization and triploid breeding in P. tomentosa. [Method] Based on previous studies, 11 hybrid parental combinations with high, intermediate, and low combining abilities of P. tomentosa were predicted and configured according to molecular genetic distances. The meiotic process of megaspore mother cells was identified in real-time based on correlations between morphological traits and female gametophyte development. The effective treatment period for embryo sac chromosome doubling was determined based on the optimal pollination time. Superior triploid germplasms were identified through clonal seedling comparative trials based on the Breckin multi-trait comprehensive evaluation method and t-test significance analysis. [Result] (1) When the female inflorescences of P. tomentosa had basically emerged from the bud scales, the florets appeared pale yellow, the stigmas changed from light pink to pink, and the bifurcation angle reached 30°–40°, corresponding to the stage when most megaspore mother cells were at the terminal stage of meiosis, this period was identified as the optimal treatment stage for megaspore chromosome doubling. The effective treatment period for embryo sac chromosome doubling was approximately 24 hours after pollination. (2) A total of 1 765 triploids were obtained, including 1 517 from megaspore doubling and 248 from embryo sac doubling. (3) Hybrid triploids showed significantly greater height and diameter than diploids, with those from high combining ability combinations performing best. Specifically, seedling height and stem diameter of triploids from high combining ability combinations were approximately 15% and 5% higher than those from medium combining ability combinations, and 78% and 41% higher than those from low combining ability combinations, respectively. Thirty-eight superior triploid germplasms of P. tomentosa were selected from two high combining ability combinations. [Conclusion] Morphological changes in female inflorescences and the optimal pollination period can serve as important indicators for determining the effective treatment stage for female gamete chromosome doubling in P. tomentosa. Based on this, combined with parental combinations showing high combining ability, a total of 38 triploid germplasms with outstanding growth performance were obtained through high-temperature-induced female gamete chromosome doubling. These results provide a theoretical basis and germplasm resources for the breeding and promotion of elite triploid varieties of P. tomentosa.

关键词

毛白杨 / 配合力 / 三倍体 / 优异种质 / 杂交育种 / 多倍体育种 / 遗传改良

Key words

Populus tomentosa / combining ability / triploid / superior germplasm / hybrid breeding / polyploid breeding / genetic improvement

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划(2021YFD2200105)