东北地区杨树无性系抗虫性评价

Evaluation of the insect resistance of poplar clones in Northeast China

摘要

【目的】杨树人工林病虫害频发已成为制约产业可持续发展的关键瓶颈，选育抗虫良种是环境友好的重要途径。本研究旨在系统评价 94 个杨树无性系对蛀干和食叶害虫的抗性表现，筛选抗虫种质，以期为杨树遗传改良及区域可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】以吉林省梨树县榆树台林场 94 个 7 年生杨树无性系为试验材料，开展田间蛀干害虫（青杨天牛、杨干象）与食叶害虫（黄刺蛾、杨皱背叶蝉、杨扁角叶蜂、杨叶甲）自然危害调查，通过室内叶碟法测定各无性系对美国白蛾幼虫的取食指数，采用田间套袋法观测幼虫存活率、增重指数、预蛹率及化蛹率等发育指标，利用综合隶属函数法进行多指标抗虫性综合评价。【结果】（1）94 个参试杨树无性系蛀干害虫整体发生率为 92.55%，仍有 7 个无性系未受到两种蛀干害虫的危害，表明虽然该试验林杨树蛀干害虫压力较大，但存在可挖掘的高抗资源。（2）食叶害虫发生种类明显不均衡，其中杨皱背叶蝉是优势害虫，T521、T726 等 15 个杨树无性系完全未受 4 种食叶害虫危害，表现出对食叶类害虫的广谱抗性。（3）不同无性系间对美国白蛾幼虫的取食指数差异明显（ F = 9.451， P = 0.000），属于高变异类型。其中取食指数较低的无性系 T722 和 T717 作为优良种质，可应用于抗虫品种选育。（4）根据套袋接虫试验对白蛾幼虫发育的影响可将 94 个杨树无性系划分为 3 类，包括强抑制（28 个）、抑制（26 个）以及高感（40 个）无性系。（5）通过隶属函数法进行综合评价最终得出 T717、T421、T731 等综合抗性排名前 10 的杨树无性系，其中无性系 T717、T421 在室内取食和田间接虫两种条件下均表现出一致的高抗性，实现了对不同害虫类型的广谱抗虫。【结论】通过杂交构建的杨树无性系群体蕴含丰富的抗虫遗传变异，本研究筛选出的 T717、T421 无性系在田间自然条件和人工接虫条件下均表现突出，具备对多种害虫的复合抗性，可作为东北杨树人工林抗虫育种的核心亲本及推广材料，为我国杨树产业可持续经营提供重要种质支撑。

Abstract

[Objective] The frequent occurrence of pests and diseases in poplar plantations has become a key bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of the industry. Breeding insect-resistant varieties is an important way to be environmentally friendly. This study aims to systematically evaluate the resistance of 94 poplar clones to trunk borers and foliage-feeding pests, screen insect-resistant germplasms, and provide a scientific basis for genetic improvement of poplar and regional sustainable development. [Method] Taking 94 7-year-old poplar clones in Yushutai Forest Farm of Lishu County, Jilin Province as experimental materials, field surveys were conducted on natural damage caused by trunk borers (Saperda populnea, Cryptorhynchus lapathi) and foliage-feeding pests (Cnidocampa flavescens, Rhytidodus poplara, Stauronematus platycerus, Chrysomela populi). The feeding index of Hyphantria cunea larvae of each clone was determined by indoor leaf-disc method. The development indexes such as larval survival rate, weight gain index, prepupal rate and pupation rate were observed by field bagging method. The multi-index comprehensive evaluation of insect resistance was carried out by comprehensive membership function method. [Result] (1) The overall incidence rate of stem-boring pests among the 94 tested poplar clones was 92.55%, yet seven clones remained free from damage by both types of trunk borers, indicating that although the pressure of trunk borers in this experimental forest was high, there were high resistance resources that could be excavated. (2) Foliage-feeding pests species occurred with significant imbalance, among which Rhytidodus poplara was the dominant pest. Fifteen poplar clones, including T521 and T726, remained completely free from damage by the four defoliating pests, demonstrating broad-spectrum resistance to defoliating insects. (3) The feeding index of Hyphantria cunea larvae varied significantly among different clones (F = 9.451, P = 0.000), indicating a high level of variation. Among them, clones T722 and T717, which have lower feeding indices, serve as elite germplasm and can be used for breeding insect-resistant varieties. (4) Based on the effects on the development of Hyphantria cunea larvae in the bagging and insect inoculation test, the 94 poplar clones can be divided into three categories: strongly inhibiting (28 clones), inhibiting (26 clones), and highly susceptible (40 clones). (5) Through comprehensive evaluation using the membership function method, ten poplar clones including T717, T421, and T731 were identified as the top-ranked in terms of overall resistance. Among them, clones T717, T421 exhibited consistently high resistance under both indoor feeding conditions and field infestation conditions, achieving broad-spectrum resistance to different pest types. [Conclusion] The poplar clone population constructed through hybridization contains abundant insect-resistant genetic variation. The clones T717 and T421 selected in this study exhibited outstanding performance under both natural field conditions and artificial infestation conditions, demonstrating composite resistance to multiple pests. They can serve as core parents and promising materials for insect resistance breeding for deployment in poplar plantations in Northeast China, providing important germplasm support for the sustainable management of China’s poplar industry.

关键词

东北地区 / 杨树 / 蛀干害虫 / 食叶害虫 / 抗虫性评价 / 遗传改良 / 抗虫育种

Key words

Northeast China / poplar / trunk borers / foliage-feeding pests / insect resistance evaluation / genetic improvement / insect resistance breeding

参考文献

[1] Enescu C M, Mihalache M, Ilie L, et al. Advancing the sustainability of poplar-based agroforestry: key knowledge gaps and future pathways[J].Sustainability, 2026, 18(1): 341.

[2] Endre S, Attila B, Attila B. Economic modelling of poplar short rotation coppice plantations in Hungary[J].Forests, 2021, 12(5): 623.

[3] Dickmann D I. Silviculture and biology of short-rotation woody crops in temperate regions: then and now[J].Biomass and Bioenergy, 2005, 30(8): 696-705.

[4] 尚华丹, 张楚晴, 王梅, 等. 中国杨树害虫物种多样性及其地理分布[J].生物多样性, 2025, 33(2): 84-92.

[5] Shang H D, Zhang C Q, Wang M, et al. Species diversity and geographic distribution of poplar pests in China[J].Biodiversity Science, 2025, 33(2): 84-92.

[6] Wang Y L, Zhang J, Chen Q, et al. Identification and evolution of olfactory genes in the small poplar longhorn beetle Saperda populnea [J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part D: Genomics and Proteomics, 2018, 26: 2658-2668.

[7] Cao Q J, Yu J, Ran Y L, et al. Effects of plant volatiles on electrophysiological and behavioral responses of Cryptorhynchus lapathi [J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 2015, 156: 105-116.

[8] Ning J, Lu P F, Fan J T, et al. American fall webworm in China: a new case of global biological invasions[J].Innovation, 2022, 3(1): 100201.

[9] 张磊, 周星鲁, 王丽娟, 等. 杨树抗虫分子育种与转基因生物安全评价研究进展[J].林业科学, 2025, 61(2): 190-203.

[10] Zhang L, Zhou X L, Wang L J, et al. Advance of poplar molecular breeding with insect resistance and transgenic biosafety assessment research[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(2): 190-203.

[11] 杨洁, 张苏芳, 谢明慧, 等. 林木抗虫育种研究进展[J].西北林学院学报, 2024, 39(5): 22-28.

[12] Yang J, Zhang S F, Xie M H, et al. Research progress on tree breeding for pest resistantce[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2024, 39(5): 22-28.

[13] McKersie B D, Bowley S R, Harjanto E, et al. Water-deficit tolerance and field performance of transgenic alfalfa overexpressing superoxide dismutase[J].Plant Physiology, 1996, 111(4): 1177-1181.

[14] Pike C C, Jennifer K, Dana N C. Breeding for resistance to tree pests: successes, challenges, and a guide to the future[J].Journal of Forestry, 2021, 119: 96-105.

[15] Schowalter T D, Ring D R. Biology and management of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) [J].Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 2017, 8(1): 7.

[16] 崔会会, 项超, 石英尧, 等. 杂种优势形成的表观遗传学研究进展[J].植物遗传资源学报, 2015, 16(5): 933-939.

[17] Cui H H, Xiang C, Shi Y X, et al. The research progress of epigenetic insights into bases of heterosis[J].Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 2015, 16(5): 933-939.

[18] Fritz R S, Moulia C, Newcombe G. Resistance of hybrid plants and animals to herbivores, pathogens, and parasites[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1999, 30: 565-591.

[19] 何利明. 水曲柳杂种优势分析及抗寒优势机制研究 [D].哈尔滨: 东北林业大学, 2021.

[20] He L M. Heterosis analysis and mechanism research of cold-resistant heterosis in Fraxinus mandshurica hybrids[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University, 2021.

[21] 赵自成. 不同杨树品种对桑天牛抗虫性的试验[J].江苏林业科技, 2019, 46(3): 24-28, 38.

[22] Zhao Z C. Experiment on insect resistance of different poplar varieties to Apriona germari [J].Journal of Jiangsu Forestry Science & Technology, 2019, 46(3): 24-28, 38.

[23] Zhou X L, Dong Y, Zhang Q, et al. Expression of multiple exogenous insect resistance and salt tolerance genes in Populus nigra L.[J].Frontiers in Plant Science, 2020, 11: 1123.

[24] 张哲, 王优信, 郭燕, 等. 小麦品种对人工接种吸浆虫的抗性反应[J].河北农业大学学报, 2019, 42(2): 6-11.

[25] Zhang Z, Wang Y X, Guo Y, et al. Response of wheat varieties to artificial inoculation with wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin) [J].Journal of Hebei Agricultural University, 2019, 42(2): 6-11.

基金资助

农业生物育种重大专项(2022ZD0401504)