坝上高原不同植被类型土壤储水量时空变化及降雨响应

Spatiotemporal variation in soil water storage and its response to rainfall under different vegetation types on the Bashang Plateau, Hebei Province of northern China

摘要

【目的】为揭示河北坝上高原不同植被类型下土壤储水量的时空变化特征及其对降雨的响应规律，明确不同植被类型在土壤储水量分布与调节过程中的差异。【方法】以河北省张北县天然草地、柠条人工林、小叶杨人工林和樟子松人工林为研究对象，基于 2019-2020 年土壤水分和降雨连续监测数据，计算 0 ~ 100 cm 土壤剖面储水量，分析其季节变化、垂向特征及对典型降雨事件的响应过程。【结果】（1）不同植被类型 0 ~ 100 cm 土壤储水量均表现出明显的季节变化特征，总体呈“1-2 月相对稳定、3-5 月快速回升、6-11 月维持较高水平并波动变化、12 月明显下降”的变化过程。（2）不同植被类型土壤储水量在剖面上存在明显分异。草地高值主要出现在 20 ~ 40 cm 土层，柠条 0 ~ 100 cm 剖面储水量分布相对均匀且整体活跃，小叶杨在 80 ~ 100 cm 土层表现出显著的深层储水优势，樟子松则表现为浅层较高、中层偏低的分布格局。（3）降雨对土壤储水量的影响具有明显层次性，主要集中于 0 ~ 20 cm 土层，中雨响应多限于浅层，大雨及连续降雨条件下影响范围可向中深层扩展；60 ~ 100 cm 深层土壤对单次降雨响应相对滞后，主要在较强或持续降雨条件下表现出累积补给特征。（4）不同植被类型对降雨响应的强度和持续性存在明显差异，草地和柠条表现为浅层快速响应，小叶杨深层调蓄能力较强，樟子松整体波动较缓。【结论】坝上高原不同植被类型在土壤储水过程、剖面分异和降雨响应方式上均存在显著差异，其中小叶杨在剖面尺度上表现出较强的储水与调蓄能力，草地和柠条更易形成浅层快速响应，樟子松则表现出相对稳定但深层持水受限的特征。区域植被恢复与配置应综合考虑不同植被类型的储水层位、降雨补给能力和耗水特征，避免单纯追求高覆盖度或大面积单一乔木化配置。

Abstract

[Objective] This study aimed to reveal the spatiotemporal variation in soil water storage and its response to rainfall under different vegetation types on the Bashang Plateau of Hebei Province of northern China, and to clarify the differences in soil water storage distribution and regulation among vegetation types. [Method] Native grassland, Caragana korshinskii plantation, Populus simonii plantation, and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation in Zhangbei County, Hebei Province were selected for this study. Based on continuous monitoring data of soil moisture and rainfall from 2019 to 2020, soil water storage in the 0−100 cm profile was calculated, and its seasonal dynamics, vertical distribution characteristics, and responses to typical rainfall events were analyzed. [Result] (1) Soil water storage in 0−100 cm profile under all vegetation types showed clear seasonal dynamics. In general, it remained relatively stable from January to February, increased rapidly from March to May, stayed at a relatively high level with noticeable fluctuations from June to November, and declined markedly in December. (2) Pronounced vertical differences in soil water storage were observed among vegetation types. In the grassland, high values mainly occurred in 20−40 cm layer. In the Caragana korshinskii plantation, soil water storage was relatively evenly distributed and remained active throughout 0−100 cm profile. In Populus simonii plantation, a significant deep-soil storage advantage was found in 80−100 cm layer. In Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation, soil water storage was relatively high in shallow layers but low in middle layers. (3) The effect of rainfall on soil water storage showed clear vertical stratification and was concentrated mainly in 0−20 cm layer. Under moderate rainfall, the response was mostly confined to shallow soil, whereas under heavy or continuous rainfall, the affected depth extended to middle and deep layers. The 60−100 cm layer responded to single rainfall events with an obvious lag and mainly showed cumulative recharge under intense or persistent rainfall. (4) The intensity and persistence of rainfall responses differed markedly among vegetation types. The grassland and Caragana korshinskii plantation showed rapid responses in shallow soil, the Populus simonii plantation exhibited strong deep-profile regulation capacity, and the Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation showed relatively small overall fluctuations. [Conclusion] Different vegetation types on the Bashang Plateau differ significantly in soil water storage processes, vertical distribution patterns, and rainfall response modes. Among them, the Populus simonii plantation shows relatively strong soil water storage and regulation capacity at the profile scale; the grassland and Caragana korshinskii plantation are more likely to exhibit rapid responses in shallow soil; and the Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation is relatively stable overall, but its deep-soil water retention capacity is limited. Vegetation restoration and configuration in this semi-arid region should consider the water storage layers, rainfall recharge capacity, and water consumption characteristics of different vegetation types, rather than simply pursuing high vegetation coverage or large-scale monoculture plantations.

关键词

坝上高原 / 植被类型 / 土壤储水量 / 降雨响应

Key words

Bashang Plateau / vegetation types / soil water storage / rainfall response

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划课题(2023YFF1305302)

国家自然科学基金项目(42277062)

国家自然科学基金项目(42230714)