黄土高原不同造林模式下土壤水分特征及影响因素

Soil moisture characteristics and influencing factors under different afforestation models on the Loess Plateau of northern China

摘要

【目的】黄土高原气候干旱，土壤水资源是制约区域植被建设的关键要素。不同造林模式下土壤水分分布与影响因素尚不明确，有待开展系统对比研究。探究黄土高原纯林与混交林土壤水分变化差异及影响因素，能够为黄土高原区域造林模式优化与土壤水资源可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】从 1981-2024 年发表的 187 篇有关黄土高原纯林和混交林土壤水分变化的国内外期刊及学位论文中，收集了共 1 453 块样地数据，利用外包线法及地理探测器法分析主要因子对土壤含水量的影响。【结果】（1）纯林和混交林土壤含水量存在显著垂直分异特征，在 0 ~ 100 cm 土层，纯林的平均土壤含水量显著高于混交林；100 ~ 200 cm 两种造林模式土壤水分无显著差异；而在 200 ~ 500 cm 土层，混交林的平均土壤含水量显著高于纯林；（2）土壤含水量受多种因子的影响，纯林和混交林均随年均气温和海拔高度的增加呈现先增后减的趋势；而随年均降水量的增加，纯林的土壤含水量先增加后趋于稳定，而混交林则持续上升；纯林的土壤含水量随林龄增长呈现先减少后保持稳定的趋势，混交林则呈现先减少后增加的动态变化；（3）年均降水量均对纯林和混交林土壤含水量的贡献率最大（纯林 23.3%，混交林 39.4%），任何 2 个因子交互作用的解释力均大于单一因子的解释力，其中年均降水量和海拔高度的交互作用增加效应最大（纯林 51.6%，混交林 59%）。【结论】黄土高原纯林与混交林土壤水分存在显著差异：0 ~ 100 cm 土层中，纯林具有更高的持水能力；100 ~ 200 cm 土层，造林模式间差异不明显；而在 200 ~ 500 cm 土层，混交林表现出更强的水分保持能力。年均降水量是纯林和混交林土壤水分的主要影响因素，其与海拔的交互作用解释力最大。因此在该区域造林时，应综合考虑降水和地形条件来优化造林模式，以促进土壤水资源的可持续利用。

Abstract

[Objective] The Loess Plateau is characterized by an arid climate, and soil water resources serve as a critical limiting factor for regional vegetation construction. The distribution characteristics and influencing factors of soil water under different afforestation models remain unclear, requiring systematic comparative research. This study aims to investigate the differences in soil moisture dynamics between pure and mixed forests on the Loess Plateau of northern China and to identify their key influencing factors, thereby providing a theoretical basis for optimizing afforestation models and promoting the sustainable use of soil water resources. [Method] A total of 1 453 sampling plots were compiled from 187 publications, including peer-reviewed journal articles and academic dissertations published between 1981 and 2024, focusing on soil moisture changes in pure and mixed forests on the Loess Plateau. The effects of major factors on soil moisture content were analyzed using the upper boundary line method and the Geodetector method. [Result] (1) Soil moisture exhibited clear vertical differentiation between pure and mixed forests. In the 0−100 cm soil layer, pure forests had significantly higher soil moisture than mixed forests. No significant differences were observed in the 100−200 cm layer, whereas mixed forests showed significantly higher soil moisture in the 200−500 cm layer. (2) Soil moisture was influenced by multiple factors. In both afforestation models, soil moisture first increased and then decreased with increasing mean annual temperature and altitude. With increasing mean annual precipitation, soil moisture in pure forests increased initially and then stabilized, whereas it continuously increased in mixed forests. With increasing stand age, soil moisture in pure forests decreased initially and then remained stable, whereas in mixed forests, it exhibited a decreasing-increasing trend. (3) Mean annual precipitation contributed the most to soil moisture variation in both pure and mixed forests (pure forests of 23.3% and mixed forests of 39.4%). The explanatory power of interactions between any two factors was greater than individual factors, with the interaction between mean annual precipitation and altitude showing the strongest effect (pure forests of 51.6% and mixed forests of 59.0%). [Conclusion] Soil moisture differs significantly between pure and mixed forests on the Loess Plateau. Pure forests exhibit higher water-holding capacity in the 0−100 cm soil layer, whereas mixed forests show stronger water retention in deeper layers (200−500 cm), with no evident differences in the 100−200 cm layer. Mean annual precipitation is the dominant controlling factor, and its interaction with altitude provides the highest explanatory power. These findings suggest that both precipitation and topographic conditions should be jointly considered in afforestation planning to optimize forest structure and enhance the sustainable use of soil water resources.

关键词

黄土高原 / 造林模式 / 纯林 / 混交林 / 土壤含水量 / 影响因子

Key words

the Loess Plateau / afforestation models / pure forest / mixed forests / soil moisture content / influencing factors

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划(2022YFF1300404)

矿区生态复绿技术调研及试验(KJ-2023-1-2-KZ-016)