低效林及其改造研究进展

Research progress on degraded forest and its restoration

摘要

我国低效林普遍存在结构单一、生态功能退化、蓄积量与碳汇能力下降、病虫害频发及综合效益低等问题，严重制约国家生态安全屏障构建及“双碳”战略目标的实现。因此，低效林改造已成为推动森林生态系统高质量发展与多功能协同提升的关键举措。本文系统综述了我国低效林及其改造的研究进展，基于对低效林类型划分、成因机制及空间分布差异的深入分析，构建了以“更新复壮、结构优化、功能提升”为核心的技术路径。评述了遥感监测、人工智能、大数据、虚拟仿真及数字孪生等新兴技术在低效林改造全链条中的应用现状，从生态效益、碳汇增量及社会经济价值等多维度建立了改造成效评价体系。研究成果旨在为提升我国森林生态系统多功能性、维持系统韧性与稳定性提供理论支撑，为服务国家生态安全与绿色低碳发展战略提供重要参考。

Abstract

Existing degraded forest in China generally face multiple challenges, including monotonous structure, degraded ecological functions, declining biomass and carbon sequestration capacity, frequent pest infestations, and reduced comprehensive benefits, which severely constrain the construction of national ecological security barriers and the achievement of “dual carbon” strategic goals. Therefore, degraded forest restoration has become a key measure to promote high-quality development and multifunctional synergistic improvement of forest ecosystems. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in degraded forest restoration in China. Based on an in-depth analysis of classification, causal mechanisms, and spatial distribution differences of degraded forest, it constructs a technical pathway centered on “regeneration and rejuvenation, structural optimization, and functional enhancement”. Additionally, it provides a critical review of current applications of emerging technologies such as remote sensing monitoring, artificial intelligence, big data, virtual simulation, and digital twins across the entire restoration chain. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation system for restoration effectiveness was established from multiple dimensions, including ecological benefits, carbon sequestration increments and socio-economic value. The research findings aim to provide theoretical support for enhancing the multifunctionality of China ^,s forest ecosystems, maintaining system resilience and stability, and offer important references for serving national ecological security and green, low-carbon development strategies.

关键词

低效林 / 改造技术 / 森林质量提升 / 功能评价 / 生态恢复

Key words

degraded forest / restoration technology / forest quality improvement / functional evaluation / ecological restoration

参考文献

[1] 全国营造林标准化技术委员会 (SAC/TC 385). 低效林改造技术规程: LY/T 1690-2017[S].北京: 中国标准出版社, 2017.

[2] Afforestation and Forest Management (SAC/TC 385). Technical regulation of restoration of low function forest: LY/T 1690−2017[S]. Beijing:Standards Press of China, 2017.

[3] 郭小平, 朱金兆, 余新晓, 等. 论黄土高原地区低效刺槐林改造问题[J].水土保持研究, 1998, 5(4):77-82.

[4] Guo X P, Zhu J Z, Yu X X, et al. The preliminary discussion on reforming the low-yield locust in the Loess Plateau[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 1998, 5(4):77-82.

[5] Cheng K, Zhang Y X, Yang H T, et al. China’s naturally regenerated forests currently have greater aboveground carbon accumulation rates than newly planted forests[J].Communications Earth & Environment, 2024, 6:345.

[6] 全国绿化委员会办公室. 2025年中国国土绿化状况公报 [N].2026−03−12. https://www.mnr.gov.cn/yw66/202603/t20260312-2916291.html.

[7] Greening Commission Office. 2025 China land greening status bulletin[N].2026−03−12.https://www.mnr.gov.cn/yw66/202603/t20260312-2916291.html.

[8] 玉宝, 彭华福. 基于自然修复理念的森林经营措施研究[J].西南林业大学学报 (自然科学), 2023, 43(1):8-17.

[9] Yu B, Peng H F. Research on forest management measures based on natural restoration concept[J].Journal of Southwest Forestry University (Natural Sciences), 2023, 43(1):8-17.

[10] 郝天象, 王兵, 牛香, 等. 全面提升我国森林生态系统质量和稳定性的实践与思考[J].陆地生态系统与保护学报, 2022, 2(5):13-31.

[11] Hao T X, Wang B, Niu X, et al. Practice and thinking of comprehensively improving the quality and stability of forest ecosystem in China[J].Terrestrial Ecosystem and Conservation, 2022, 2(5):13-31.

[12] Hou G R, Bi H X, Wei X, et al. Optimal configuration of stand structures in a low-efficiency Robinia pseudoacacia forest based on a comprehensive index of soil and water conservation ecological benefits[J].Ecological Indicators, 2020, 114:106308.

[13] 邓东周, 张小平, 鄢武先, 等. 低效林改造研究综述[J].世界林业研究, 2010, 23(4):65-69.

[14] Deng D Z, Zhang X P, Yan W X, et al. A review of low-function forest improvement[J].World Forestry Research, 2010, 23(4):65-69.

[15] Sun S L, Xiang W H, Ouyang S, et al. Balancing water yield and water use efficiency between planted and natural forests: a global analysis[J].Global Change Biology, 2024, 30(11):e17561.

[16] Pan M Y, Xiao R, Ni H M. Changes in soil microbial diversity across different forest successional stages: a meta-analysis of Chinese forest ecosystems[J].Forests, 2025, 16(8):1319.

[17] 国家林业局. 森林抚育规程: GB/T 15781-2015[S].北京: 中国标准出版社, 2015.

[18] National Forestry and Grassland Administration. Regulations for forest tending: GB/T 15781−2015[S]. Beijing:Standard Press of China, 2015.

[19] 傅伯杰, 吕一河, 高光耀. 中国主要陆地生态系统服务与生态安全研究的重要进展[J].自然杂志, 2012, 34(5):261-272.

[20] Fu B J, Lü Y H, Gao G Y. Significant advances in research on key terrestrial ecosystem services and ecological security in China[J].Chinese Journal of Nature, 2012, 34(5):261-272.

[21] 徐雨晴, 肖风劲, 於琍. 中国森林生态系统净初级生产力时空分布及其对气候变化的响应研究综述[J].生态学报, 2020, 40(14):4710-4723.

[22] Xu Y Q, Xiao F J, Yu L. Review of spatio-temporal distribution of net primary productity in forest ecosystem and its responses to climate change in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2020, 40(14):4710-4723.

[23] Sun Y H, Gong Q W. Digital economy empowering low-carbon collaborative governance and ecological restoration in forestry[J].Journal of Forestry Research, 2026, 37(1):40.

[24] 韩新生, 董立国, 许浩, 等. 宁夏典型黄土丘陵区低效生态林改造技术初探[J].宁夏农林科技, 2025, 66(6):39-45.

[25] Han X S, Dong L G, Xu H, et al. A preliminary study on transformation technology of low-efficiency ecological forests in typical loess hilly areas of Ningxia[J].Journal of Ningxia Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, 2025, 66(6):39-45.

[26] 邹星晨, 黄海山, 严芝银, 等. 基于结构方程模型的天然白桦次生林林下生态功能评价[J].生态学报, 2026, 46(7):3521-3531.

[27] Zou X C, Huang H S, Yan Z Y, et al. Evaluation of understory ecological functions in natural secondary Betula platyphylla forests based on structural equation model[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2026, 46(7):3521-3531.

[28] 张晏维, 王家源, 史明昌, 等. 1982-2022年中国不同气候区植被覆盖度时空演变特征及驱动力分析 [J/OL].环境科学, 1-21[2025−12−28].https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202506274.

[29] Zhang Y W, Wang J Y, Shi M C, et al. Characteristics of spatial and temporal evolution of vegetation cover in different climate zones and analysis of driving factors, China from 1982 to 2022[J/OL].Environmental Science, 1-21[2025−12−28].https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202506274.

[30] 张会儒, 雷相东, 符利勇, 等. 中国森林资源质量现状与提升对策[J].陆地生态系统与保护学报, 2024, 4(5):46-54.

[31] Zhang H R, Lei X D, Fu L Y, et al. The current situation and improvement strategies of forest resource quality in China[J].Terrestrial Ecosystem and Conservation, 2024, 4(5):46-54.

[32] 邓海燕, 申琳琳, 胡中洋, 等. 桉树用材林林分质量评价与界定标准划分[J].中南林业科技大学学报, 2023, 43(7):65-73.

[33] Deng H Y, Shen L L, Hu Z Y, et al. Stand quality evaluation and demarcation standard division of Eucalyptus plantation[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology, 2023, 43(7):65-73.

[34] Xie Y L, Lei X D, Shi J N. Impacts of climate change on biological rotation of Larix olgensis plantations for timber production and carbon storage in northeast China using the 3-PGmix model[J].Ecological Modelling, 2020, 435:109267.

[35] He M J, Huo X M, Ma R H, et al. Enhance soil organic carbon accumulation in degraded poplar forests via microbial activation: stump grafting transformed pure forests surpassing mixed forests[J].Industrial Crops and Products, 2025, 234:121541.

[36] 宋传生, 龙启德, 蔡磊, 等. 国内低效林研究概述[J].安徽农业科学, 2015, 43(25):151−152,155.

[37] Song C S, Long Q D, Cai L, et al. Overview of research on low-productivity forests in China[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 43(25):151−152,155.

[38] 郑世慧, 刘广路, 岳祥华, 等. 中国竹资源培育现状与增产潜力[J].世界竹藤通讯, 2022, 20(5):75-80.

[39] Zheng S H, Liu G L, Yue X H, et al. Current situation of bamboo resource cultivation and growth potentials in its production in China[J].World Bamboo and Rattan, 2022, 20(5):75-80.

[40] 闫敏, 柴茵超, 刘亚琪, 等. “三北”工程防风固沙林研究进展[J].内蒙古农业大学学报 (自然科学版), 2026, 47(2):94-100.

[41] Yan M, Chai Y C, Liu Y Q, et al. Research progress on windbreak and sand-fixing forests in the “Three-North” Shelterbelt Program[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition), 2026, 47(2):94-100.

[42] Guo S, Zhang Q T, Ling Y S, et al. Identifying ecological priority protection and restoration areas based on the changing characteristics of ‘past-future’ ecological security patterns: a case study of Nanning[J].Ecological Indicators, 2026, 182:114617.

[43] 傅伯杰, 刘彦随, 曹智, 等. 黄土高原生态保护和高质量发展现状、问题与建议[J].中国科学院院刊, 2023, 38(8):1110-1117.

[44] Fu B J, Liu Y S, Cao Z, et al. Current conditions, issues, and suggestions for ecological protection and high-quality development in the Loess Plateau[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2023, 38(8):1110-1117.

[45] Wei X, Liang W J. Regulation of stand density alters forest structure and soil moisture during afforestation with Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Pinus tabuliformis Carr. on the Loess Plateau[J].Forest Ecology and Management, 2021, 491:119196.

[46] 王正秋. 谈谈“小老头树”的改造[J].中国水土保持, 1982(3):53.

[47] Wang Z Q. On the renovation of aged dwarf trees[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China, 1982(3):53.

[48] 张敬业. 小老树形成原因及其改造的途径[J].中国沙漠, 1987(2):59-61.

[49] Zhang J Y. Formation causes and renovation approaches of aged dwarf trees[J].Journal of Desert Research, 1987(2):59-61.

[50] Hua F Y, Bruijnzee L A, Meli P, et al. The biodiversity and ecosystem service contributions and trade-offs of forest restoration approaches[J].Science, 2022, 376:839.

[51] 郭艳杰, 毕华兴, 赵丹阳, 等. 不同密度油松林地土壤水碳分布特征及其耦合关系[J].应用生态学报, 2025, 36(1):50-58.

[52] Guo Y J, Bi H X, Zhao D Y, et al. Soil water and carbon distribution characteristics and their coupling relationship in Pinus tabuliformis plantations with different densities[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2025, 36(1):50-58.

[53] Cheng K, Yang H, Guan H, et al. Unveiling China’s natural and planted forest spatial-temporal dynamics from 1990 to 2020[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2014, 209:37-50.

[54] Xu P Z, Zhang Y D, Li Q W, et al. Evaluation of forest eco-efficiency: a transformation of ecological value quantity perspective[J].Science of The Total Environment, 2025, 965:178612.

[55] 菅宁红, 赵海兰, 刘珉. 我国森林资源增长驱动因素及潜力分析：基于第九次全国森林资源清查结果[J].林草政策研究, 2022, 2(3):64-71.

[56] Jian N H, Zhao H L, Liu M. Driving force and potential of forest resource change: based on the results of the Ninth National Forest Resources Inventory[J].Journal of Forestry and Grassland Policy, 2022, 2(3):64-71.

[57] 张会儒, 雷相东, 张春雨, 等. 森林质量评价及精准提升理论与技术研究[J].北京林业大学学报, 2019, 41(5):1-18.

[58] Zhang H R, Lei X D, Zhang C Y, et al. Research on theory and technology of forest quality evaluation and precision improvement[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2019, 41(5):1-18.

[59] 张会儒, 李凤日, 赵秀海,等. 东北过伐林可持续经营技术 [M].北京: 中国林业出版社, 2016.

[60] Zhang H R, Li F R, Zhao X H, et al. Sustainable management techniques of over-cutting forests in northeastern China[M]. Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House, 2016.

[61] 张怀清, 邱汉清, 雷可欣, 等. 数字孪生驱动森林精准经营决策: 理论模型、关键技术与应用示范[J].北京林业大学学报, 2025, 47(11):1-16.

[62] Zhang H Q, Qiu H Q, Lei K X, et al. Digital-twin-driven precise forest management and decision-making: theoretical models, key technologies and application demonstrations[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2025, 47(11):1-16.

[63] 柳金昊, 冯晓明, 吕一河, 等. 中国国土空间生态安全格局发展历程和特点[J].科技导报, 2025, 43(14):24-33.

[64] Liu J H, Feng X M, Lü Y H, et al. Development process and characteristics of territories spatial ecological security pattern in China[J].Science & Technology Review, 2025, 43(14):24-33.

[65] Wang X R, Qiao X T, Lin S X, et al. Scale-dependent variations in photosynthetic processes mediate net primary productivity in temperate forests[J].Forest Ecosystems, 2024, 11:100236.

[66] 宋启亮. 大兴安岭阔叶混交低质林不同改造模式效果的研究 [D].哈尔滨: 东北林业大学, 2015.

[67] Song Q L. Study on the effect of different transformation models of low-quality broad-leaved mixed forest in Daxing’an Mountains[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University, 2015.

[68] 岳庆敏, 何怀江, 张春雨, 等. 阔叶红松林林木与林分生长对采伐干扰的响应[J].生态学报, 2024, 44(5):2019-2028.

[69] Yue Q M, He H J, Zhang C Y, et al. Responses of tree growth and stand productivity to harvesting disturbance in Korean pine-broadleaved forests[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2024, 44(5):2019-2028.

[70] Gao F, Cui X Y, Sang Y, et al. Changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen as affected by primary forest conversion[J].Forest Ecology and Management, 2020, 463:118013.

[71] 耿燕, 赵秀海, 安黎哲. 阔叶红松林乔木地上碳储量和碳增量对采伐强度的响应[J].北京林业大学学报, 2022, 44(10):23-32.

[72] Geng Y, Zhao X H, An L Z. Responses of tree aboveground carbon storage and carbon increment to logging intensity in a broadleaved Korean pine forest[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2022, 44(10):23-32.

[73] 黑河五大连池市以守护绿水青山激活生态经济, 人民网. http://hlj.people.com.cn/n2/2025/1219/c220024-41448514.html.

[74] Protecting Lucid Waters and Lush Mountains to Activate Ecological Economy in Wudalianchi City, Heihe. People’s Network. http://hlj.people.com.cn/n2/2025/1219/c220024-41448514.html.

[75] 侯庆春, 黄旭, 韩仕峰, 等. 关于黄土高原地区小老树成因及其改造途径的研究 (Ⅲ): 小老树的成因及其改造途径[J].水土保持学报, 1991, 5(4):80-86.

[76] Hou Q C, Huang X, Han S F, et al. Study on the causes and remedial approaches of low-yield stunted trees in the Loess Plateau region (Ⅲ): causes and remedial approaches of low-yield stunted trees[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1991, 5(4):80-86.

[77] Bai R H, Zhao X N, Wang X Z, et al. SOC erosion reduction of the “Grain for Green” program on the Loess Plateau, China[J].Soil and Tillage Research, 2026, 256:106863.

[78] 陕西秦岭森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 国家生态系统观测研究网络. https://www.cnern.ac.cn/getContent_class.action?class_id=qlf15&article_class_id=2&id=56489&pid=qlfroot.

[79] National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Forest Ecosystem in Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi. Chinese National Ecosystem Research Network. https://www.cnern.ac.cn/getContent_class.action?class_id=qlf15&article_class_id=2&id=56489&pid=qlfroot.

[80] 何永国，焦强，王正科，等. 干旱山区木本油料树种文冠果的生物学特性及栽培技术[J].现代农业科技, 2015(19):187,189.

[81] He Y G, Jiao Q, Wang Z K, et al. Biological characteristics and cultivation techniques of Xanthoceras sorbifolium, a woody oil tree species in arid mountainous areas[J].Xiandai Nongye Keji, 2015(19):187,189.

[82] Tong Y, Wang Y, Zhou J, et al. Deciphering the stratified distribution and evolution of deep soil drought and its environmental controls: new evidence from continuous fiber optic monitoring in 0-30 m profile[J].Geoderma, 2025, 454:117168.

[83] 王轶浩, 陈展, 周建岗, 等. 重庆酸雨区马尾松纯林改造对土壤酸化特征及团聚体稳定性的影响[J].生态学报, 2021, 41(13):5184-5194.

[84] Wang Y H, Chen Z, Zhou J G, et al. Effects of transformation of Masson pine forest on characteristics of soil acidification and aggregate stability within polluted areas of Chongqing[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2021, 41(13):5184-5194.

[85] 程分生, 尤龙辉, 叶功富, 等. 亚热带红壤侵蚀区马尾松不同套种模式生态系统碳平衡[J].应用生态学报, 2021, 32(4):1163-1174.

[86] Cheng F S, You L H, Ye G F, et al. Carbon balance in an interplanting Pinus massoniana stand in subtropical eroded red soil region, China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2021, 32(4):1163-1174.

[87] 朱洪如. 碳中和愿景下长汀县松林改造试点项目碳汇潜力测算[J].林业勘察设计, 2022, 42(3):80-83.

[88] Zhu H R. Calculation of carbon sink potential for the pilot project of pine forest renovation in Changting County under the vision of carbon neutrality[J].Forestry Survey and Design, 2022, 42(3):80-83.

[89] He Y, Wu Y S, Yang X. Effective reduction of agricultural carbon emissions via land-use- structure adjustment: a case study of Sichuan Province, Southwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment, 2025, 23(3):386-396.

[90] 阮池茵. 森林的金融化及其社会生态影响——基于林权流转的再考察[J].中国农业大学学报 (社会科学版), 2024, 41(6):121-142.

[91] Ruan C Y. Financialization of forests and its socio-environmental impacts: an examination of forest land transactions[J].Journal of China Agricultural University (Social Sciences), 2024, 41(6):121-142.

[92] Yue Y M, Wang L, Brandt M, et al. A social-ecological framework to enhance sustainable reforestation under geological constraints[J].Earth’s Future, 2024, 12(5):e2023EF004335.

[93] 李玉霖, 赵学勇, 刘新平, 等. 沙漠化土地及其治理研究推动北方农牧交错区生态恢复和农牧业可持续发展[J].中国科学院院刊, 2019, 34(7):832-840.

[94] Li Y L, Zhao X Y, Liu X P, et al. Research in desertification mechanism and reversion techniques promotes sustainable restoration of degraded ecosystem and gro-pastoral development[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019, 34(7):832-840.

[95] 汪宗顺, 张海鹏, 岳超, 等. 造林增汇是实现碳中和的成本有效途径吗?——以西北地区为例[J].自然资源学报, 2024, 39(3):731-748.

[96] Wang Z S, Zhang H P, Yue C, et al. Is afforestation for carbon sequestration a cost-effective pathway to carbon neutrality? Taking the northwest region as an example[J].Journal of Natural Resources, 2024, 39(3):731-748.

[97] 西藏拉萨: 只此青绿画“两山”-新华网. http://www.news.cn/20240605/2284e762ce4047fca940952552d14b3c/c.html.

[98] Lhasa, Xizang: Painting the "Two Mountains" with unique greenery, Xinhuanet. http://www.news.cn/20240605/2284e762ce4047fca940952552d14b3c/c.html.

[99] 四川省林业和草原局. 攀枝花市5亿元生态治理项目落地! 以“治理画笔”绘就“生态美市”新图景[N].https://lcj.sc.gov.cn/scslyt/sxdt/2025/9/12/ce28f2a7d0704153aca7dde289602612.shtml.

[100] Sichuan Provincial Forestry and Grassland Administration. A 500-million-yuan ecological governance project launched in Panzhihua: painting a new blueprint of an ecologically beautiful city with the “Governance Brush”[N].https://lcj.sc.gov.cn/scslyt/sxdt/2025/9/12/ce28f2a7d0704153aca7dde289602612.shtml.

[101] 朱教君, 宋立宁, 王国晨. 沙地樟子松引种70年的历史、进展与展望[J].林业科学, 2025, 61(7):23-34.

[102] Zhu J J, Song L N, Wang G C. 70 years of introducing of Mongolian pine to sandy lands: history, progress, and perspectives[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(7):23-34.

[103] Wu Q, Yang J, Song J X, et al. Do forests store more water? A comparative analysis of water storage between multiple land cover types[J].Journal of Hydrology, 2025, 661C:133752.

[104] 张峰. 基于SD和DPSIRM模型的饮马河流域生态脆弱性评价 [D].长春: 东北师范大学, 2019.

[105] Zhang F. Ecological vulnerability assessment of Yinma River Basin based on SD and DPSIRM model[D]. Changchun:Northeast Normal University, 2019.

[106] 牛昕, 张鋆萍, 王烨, 等. 基于软系统方法论的集体林权制度改革政策效果评估[J].林草政策研究, 2025, 11(19):1-13.

[107] Niu X, Zhang Y P, Wang Y, et al. Evaluation of policy effects of collective forest tenure reform based on soft systems methodology[J].Journal of Forestry and Grassland Policy, 2025, 11(19):1-13.

基金资助

国家重点研发计划(2022YFF1300401)

国家重点研发计划(2024YFD2200504)