针叶林小蠹信息化学物质研究进展

Research progress on semiochemicals of conifer bark beetles

摘要

针叶林小蠹是针叶林生态系统中最具毁灭性的蛀干害虫之一，严重威胁森林生态安全与林业可持续发展。气候变化加剧了针叶林干旱胁迫，导致寄主树木抗逆性下降，同时推动小蠹适生区北移、世代周期缩短，使其暴发频次与危害程度显著上升，成为制约针叶林健康经营的关键生物灾害。传统化学防治因环境污染、害虫抗药性发展及对非靶标天敌的杀伤等问题，难以实现长期有效控制，以信息化学物质为核心的化学生态行为调控技术已成为针叶林小蠹绿色防控的重要手段。本文系统梳理了针叶林小蠹信息素、植物挥发物及共生微生物挥发物 3 类关键信号物质的生态作用机制，阐明其在寄主定位、集群攻击、种群调控及天敌定位等行为中的功能。结合野外防控实践，总结了信息化学物质在种群监测、大量诱捕、“推−拉”防控策略中的应用现状与关键布设参数，分析了手性对映体比例对小蠹行为调控的特异性影响。此外，阐述了反向化学生态学方法在新型信号物质挖掘、功能验证及相关嗅觉受体基因鉴定中的应用前景。当前，针叶林小蠹信息化学物质研究仍存在以下不足：信息素组分的物种特异性与地理种群差异研究不够系统；手性对映体的行为调控机制解析不够深入；野外诱捕与防控技术的布设参数缺乏标准化体系；微生物源挥发物的生态功能解析及生防潜力挖掘仍处于起步阶段，技术转化应用滞后。未来研究需聚焦于关键信号物质的功能解析、手性诱剂的精准开发、野外应用技术的标准化构建及微生物源生防资源的开发利用，为气候变化背景下针叶林小蠹的绿色精准防控提供理论依据与实践参考。

Abstract

Conifer bark beetle is one of the most destructive trunk-boring pests in coniferous forest ecosystems, posing a serious threat to forest ecological security and sustainable forestry development. Climate change has intensified drought stress in coniferous forests, leading to a decline in host tree stress resistance, while simultaneously driving the northward shift of suitable habitats for bark beetles and shortening of their generation cycles. These changes have markedly increased the outbreak frequency and damage severity of bark beetles, making them a critical biological disaster restricting the healthy management of coniferous forests. Traditional chemical control is constrained by environmental pollution, the development of pest resistance, and harm to non-target natural enemies, failing to achieve long-term and effective management. Chemical ecological regulation technology centered on semiochemicals has become an important approach for the green prevention and control of conifer bark beetles. This paper systematically reviews the ecological mechanisms of three key types of signaling substances, i.e. bark beetle pheromones, plant volatiles, and symbiotic microbial volatiles, and clarifies their functions in host location, mass attack, population regulation, and natural enemy location. Based on field management practices, it summarizes the application status and key deployment parameters of semiochemicals in population monitoring, mass trapping, and push-pull control strategies, and analyzes the specific effects of chiral enantiomer ratios on the behavioral regulation of bark beetles. Furthermore, it elaborates on the application prospects of reverse chemical ecology approaches in the discovery of novel signaling substances, functional validation, and identification of related olfactory receptor genes. Currently, research on semiochemicals of conifer bark beetles still has the following deficiencies: insufficient systematic studies on species specificity and geographic population variation of pheromone components; inadequate elucidation of the behavioral regulation mechanisms of chiral enantiomers; a lack of standardized systems for deployment parameters of field trapping and control technologies; and the ecological function analysis and biocontrol potential exploitation of microbial-derived volatiles are still in their infancy, with lagging technology translation and application. Future research should focus on functional analysis of key signaling substances, precise development of chiral attractants, standardization of field application technologies, and exploitation of microbial biocontrol resources, so as to provide theoretical basis and practical reference for the green and precise prevention and control of conifer bark beetles under the context of climate change.

关键词

针叶树小蠹 / 信息素 / 植物挥发物 / 微生物信号 / 化学生态学 / 绿色防控

Key words

conifer bark beetles / pheromones / plant volatiles / microbial signals / chemical ecology / green prevention and control

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基金资助

新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划项目(2026B02001)

国家林业和草原局揭榜挂帅项目(202401-10)

国家自然科学基金项目(32371889)