蚂蚁筑巢对纳帕海湿地面山森林土壤 CO₂ 排放的影响

Effects of ant nesting on soil CO₂ emissions in the montane slope forests bordering Napahai Wetland, Yunnan Province of southwestern China

摘要

【目的】目前，蚂蚁筑巢对湿地面山森林土壤 CO₂ 排放动态的影响及其过程及机制仍存在较大不确定性。本研究旨在探明蚂蚁筑巢活动调控纳帕海面山森林土壤 CO₂ 排放通量的关键路径与驱动机制。【方法】以纳帕海面山云杉–冷杉林中满洲凹头蚁为研究对象，设置蚁巢与非蚁巢两种处理，采用 Li–6400–09 土壤呼吸仪及高通量测序技术分别测定土壤 CO₂ 排放通量及细菌群落的干湿季变化特征，并运用相关分析和结构方程模型解析蚁巢土壤 CO₂ 排放变化的主要驱动因子和调控路径。【结果】（1）蚂蚁筑巢显著促进了土壤 CO₂ 排放（ p < 0.05），且呈现明显的干湿季差异，干季蚁巢排放通量较非蚁巢增幅达 37.0%，湿季增幅为 22.0%。（2）蚂蚁筑巢显著提升了变形菌门的相对丰度（年均增幅为 58.8% ~ 96.3%），显著增加了土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、有效钾、铵态氮、硝态氮含量和 pH 值（年均增幅为 9.0% ~ 635.0%）；同时显著抑制了酸杆菌门相对丰度（年均降幅为 12.9% ~ 29.6%），并显著降低了细菌 ACE 和 Chao1 指数、土壤容重和含水量（年均降幅分别为 34.7% ~ 42.8%）。（3）干季，蚁巢 CO₂ 排放通量与土壤碳氮等养分及变形菌门相对丰度呈显著正相关，与容重、含水量显著呈负相关；湿季，蚁巢 CO₂ 排放通量与土壤温度、碳氮等养分及变形菌门相对丰度呈显著正相关，与容重、含水量、细菌 ACE 和 Chao1 指数、酸杆菌门和放线菌门相对丰度呈显著负相关。（4）结构方程模型结果表明，蚂蚁筑巢对土壤 CO₂ 排放通量的影响在干、湿季间差异显著。干季，蚂蚁筑巢主要通过调控土壤容重、氮素养分和变形菌门来影响碳排放。其中变形菌门相对丰度对碳排放具有显著的正向直接效应，而土壤含水量、温度和氮素养分则通过影响变形菌门间接发挥作用。湿季，蚂蚁筑巢的调控路径更为复杂：细菌 α 多样性对碳排放呈现显著的直接负向效应，细菌优势门（变形菌门和酸杆菌门）则表现为正向直接效应；同时，土壤容重、温度和氮磷养分通过影响细菌群落间接调控碳排放。【结论】蚂蚁筑巢显著促进了纳帕海面山森林土壤 CO₂ 排放，且干季增幅（37.0%）高于湿季（22.0%）；其作用路径在干湿季存在显著差异：干季以变形菌门的直接正向效应为主，湿季以变形菌门和酸杆菌门的正向效应为主，但增加了细菌 α 多样性的直接负向调控，土壤理化环境因子主要通过影响细菌群落间接发挥作用。

Abstract

[Objective] The processes and mechanisms by which ant nesting influences soil CO₂ emission dynamics in the montane slope forests adjacent to the Napahai Wetland remain poorly understood. This study aims to elucidate the key pathways and driving mechanisms through which ant nesting regulates soil CO₂ fluxes in these forests. [Method] We selected Formica manchu in the spruce–fir forests of the Napahai montane slope and established two treatments: ant nest soil and non-nest soil. Soil CO₂ fluxes and bacterial community characteristics were measured using a Li-6400-09 soil respiration chamber and high-throughput sequencing during both dry and wet seasons. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were used to identify key drivers and regulatory pathways of soil CO₂ emissions in ant nest soils. [Result] (1) Ant nesting significantly promoted soil CO₂ emissions (p < 0.05), with clear dry–wet seasonal variations. Compared to non-nest soils, ant nest soils showed a 37.0% increase in CO₂ flux during the dry season and a 22.0% increase during the wet season. (2) Ant nesting significantly increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (annual increase of 58.8%–96.3%) and significantly raised soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and pH (annual increase of 9.0%–635.0%). Conversely, ant nesting significantly reduced the relative abundance of Acidobacteria (annual decrease of 12.9%–29.6%) and significantly decreased the bacterial ACE and Chao1 indices, soil bulk density, and water content (annual decrease of 34.7%–42.8%). (3) During the dry season, CO₂ flux in ant nest soils was significantly positively correlated with soil nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen and with the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, and significantly negatively correlated with soil bulk density and water content. During the wet season CO₂ flux in ant nest soils was significantly positively correlated with soil temperature, carbon and nitrogen nutrients, and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, and significantly negatively correlated with soil bulk density, water content, bacterial ACE and Chao1 indices, and the relative abundances of Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria. (4) Structural equation modeling revealed that the effect of ant nesting on soil CO₂ flux differed significantly between dry and wet seasons. During the dry season, ant nesting mainly influenced CO₂ emissions by regulating soil bulk density, nitrogen nutrients, and Proteobacteria. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria had a significant positive direct effect on CO₂ emissions, whereas soil water content, temperature, and nitrogen nutrients indirectly affected emissions by influencing Proteobacteria. During the wet season, the regulatory pathway became more complex: bacterial α diversity exerted a significant negative direct effect on CO₂ emissions, while dominant bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria) showed positive direct effects. Meanwhile, soil bulk density, temperature, and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients indirectly regulated CO₂ emissions by influencing the bacterial community. [Conclusion] Ant nesting significantly promotes soil CO₂ emissions in the montane slope forests adjacent to Napahai Wetland, with a greater increase in the dry season (37.0%) than in the wet season (22.0%). The underlying pathways differ markedly between seasons: the dry season is dominated by a positive direct effect of Proteobacteria, whereas the wet season features positive direct effects from both Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria, accompanied by negative direct regulation by bacterial α diversity. Soil physicochemical factors primarily exert indirect effects by modulating the bacterial community.

关键词

蚂蚁 / 土壤 CO₂ 排放 / 面山森林 / 细菌丰富度 / 细菌组成 / 土壤理化性质

Key words

ants / soil CO₂ emissions / mountain slope forests / bacterial richness / bacterial composition / soil physicochemical properties

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基金资助

云南省农业联合重点项目(202501BD070001-024)

云南省中青年学术技术带头人后备人才项目(202205AC160047)

国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目(42067011)

云南省应用基础研究面上项目(202001AT070113)

西南林业大学水土保持一流学科开放基金项目(SBK20240026)

云南省教育厅科学研究项目(2025Y0837)