关于林木育种、制种和用种的几点认识

Several understandings on forest tree breeding, seed production and seed utilization

摘要

中国是世界森林资源增长最多的国家，但森林质量相对较差。针对主要分布于山地和丘陵等立地的我国森林，涉及遗传改良的林木育种在国家森林质量提升中的作用更为突出。通过良种选育，不仅能够满足集约经营的商品林培育需求，保证林地产出最大化，而且可以用于遗传品质劣化的次生林和过伐林改造或更新，促进分布面积占比更大的国家重要树种天然林遗传品质的提升。其中，基于轮回选择理论构建育种群体，推动交配、遗传测定、选择的育种循环是充分利用自然存在的目标性状相关基因正向等位变异的有效途径，也是林木育种的核心和基石，而非常规育种尤其是新技术育种则是林木育种的创新与发展。根据树种的繁殖方式和利用途径不同，林木良种制种可分为两类，其中，基于有性繁殖的种子园制种的建园亲本配置应首先考虑特殊配合力利用，保证森林在自然稀疏或人工抚育间伐后，所保留优势木的基因加性效应和非加性效应利用最大化；而无性系制种则需重视无性繁殖材料幼化、保幼问题，防止因繁殖材料老化、退化给生产造成损失。良种用于次生林和过伐林为主的兼用林改造或更新时，种子园良种应混杂一定量遗传品质低劣的种子，在充分利用精选种子园种子遗传增益的同时，保证森林具备形成自然稀疏、自然更新能力的遗传基础；而用于集约经营的商品林时，应采用无性系或家系良种，以及精选亲本种子园良种，以保证创造更高的木材等林产品产出以及经济效益等。当前，急需建立森林经营尤其是兼用林改造或更新良种化的国家机制，保证重要树种按育种区育种，按种子区制种和用种，从根本上保证国家森林质量提升。

Abstract

China is the country with the greatest increase in forest resources in the world, yet its forest quality remains relatively low. Given that China’s forests are primarily distributed across mountainous and hilly terrains, genetic improvement through forest tree breeding plays a prominent role in promoting national forest quality enhancement. Developing improved varieties not only meets the demands of intensive plantation forestry and maximize timber yield, but also achieves the rehabilitation and renewal of genetically degraded secondary and overcut forests, thereby improving the genetic quality of natural forest stands of important tree species accounting for a larger proportion of the distribution area. Constructing breeding populations and driving the breeding cycle of mating, genetic testing and selection based on recurrent selection theory is an effective way to fully utilize the naturally occurring positive allelic variations of genes related to target traits. It also serves as the core and foundation of forest tree breeding. By contrast, unconventional breeding, especially novel biotechnological breeding, represents the innovation and development of forest tree breeding. According to reproductive mode and utilization pathway, seed production of improved varieties is divided into seed orchard production and clonal seed production. Among these, the utilization of specific combining ability should be considered in parental deployment to ensure maximum utilization of both additive and non-additive genetic effects of retained superior trees after natural thinning or artificial thinning when the seed orchard production is conducted. However, to prevent losses due to aging or degradation of propagation materials, rejuvenation and maintenance of juvenility should be emphasized during clonal seed production. When improved varieties are used for the rehabilitation or renewal of multiple-use natural forests dominated by secondary and overcut forests, a certain number of seeds with inferior genetic quality should be mixed into the seeds produced by seed orchards with elite parents, to ensure the maintenance of genetic basis for natural thinning and renewal, as well as fully utilization of the genetic gains from the superior seeds. In contrast, superior clones, family seeds or seeds from elite-parent seed orchards should be employed for intensive commercial plantations to enhance timber and other forest product yields and economic value. It is imperative to establish a national mechanism for forest management, particularly for the deployment of improved seeds in multiple-use forest rehabilitation and renewal. This mechanism should ensure that the important tree species are bred according to the breeding zones, and that seed production and utilization of improved varieties follow the seed zones, thereby fundamentally promoting the improvement of national forest quality.

关键词

森林经营 / 兼用林 / 商品林 / 育种 / 制种 / 用种 / 森林质量

Key words

forest management / multiple-use forest / commercial forest / breeding / seed production / seed utilization / forest quality

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划(2021YFD2200105)