大兴安岭多年冻土区乔灌木地下生物量特征

Belowground biomass characteristics of trees and shrubs in the permafrost region of the Da Xing’an Mountains

摘要

【目的】量化大兴安岭多年冻土区乔、灌木地下生物量，明确其空间分布特征，解析乔、灌木地下生物量的种间差异及其对林龄、地形和冻土类型的响应规律。【方法】基于样方实地调查数据，采用异速生长方程结合根冠比法估算乔木地下生物量，利用直接挖掘法测定灌木地下生物量，并统计分析不同坡度、林龄和冻土类型条件下乔、灌木地下生物量特征。【结果】（1）大兴安岭多年冻土区乔木地下生物量估算平均值为 10.92 t/hm²，灌木地下生物量实测平均值为 0.64 t/hm²，且乔、灌木地下生物量均存在极显著种间差异（P < 0.001）；（2）乔、灌木地下生物量对林龄的响应存在分化：乔木地下生物量随龄组增加显著积累，表现为成熟林 > 近熟林 > 中龄林 > 幼龄林（ P < 0.001），而灌木地下生物量受龄组影响不显著（ P = 0.33）；（3）坡度对乔、灌木地下生物量的影响显著但规律不同：乔木表现为斜坡 > 缓坡 > 平坡（ P < 0.001），灌木表现为缓坡 > 斜坡 > 平坡（ P < 0.001）；（4）多年冻土类型对乔木地下生物量的整体影响不显著，但具有树种依赖性，兴安落叶松和桦树在稀疏岛状冻土区显著偏低；灌木地下生物量随冻土退化呈递减趋势（ P < 0.001），具体表现为大片连续多年冻土区 > 大片−岛状冻土区 > 稀疏岛状冻土区。【结论】乔木与灌木地下生物量对坡度、林龄和冻土类型的响应存在明显差异。未来多年冻土区地下碳库评估需区分乔灌、木功能群分别核算，并将林下灌木层的碳库动态纳入区域碳收支评估，以提升森林碳储量估算精度。

Abstract

[Objective] This study aims to quantify the belowground biomass (BGB) of trees and shrubs in the permafrost region of the Da Xing’an Mountains, clarify their spatial distribution patterns, and analyze interspecific differences in BGB and their responses to stand age, topography, and permafrost type. [Method] Based on field quadrat survey data, tree BGB was estimated using allometric equations combined with the root-to-shoot ratio method, whereas shrub BGB was determined via direct excavation. The BGB characteristics of trees and shrubs were statistically analyzed across different slope gradients, stand ages, and permafrost types. [Result] (1) The mean tree BGB in the permafrost region of the Da Xing’an Mountains was 10.92 t/ha, while the mean measured shrub BGB was 0.64 t/ha. Both tree and shrub BGB exhibited highly significant interspecific differences (P < 0.001). (2) Tree and shrub BGB exhibited divergent responses to stand age: Tree BGB increased significantly with age class, following the order mature forest > near-mature forest > middle-aged forest > young forest (P < 0.001), whereas shrub biomass was not significantly affected by stand age class (P = 0.33). (3) Slope gradient significantly influenced both tree and shrub BGB, albeit with contrasting patterns: Tree BGB followed the order steep slope > gentle slope > flat slope (P < 0.001), while shrub BGB followed the order gentle slope > steep slope > flat slope (P < 0.001). (4) Permafrost type had no significant overall effect on tree BGB, but the effect was species-dependent, with both larch and birch showing significantly lower values in the sparse island permafrost zone. In contrast, shrub BGB decreased significantly with permafrost degradation (P < 0.001), specifically in the order: predominantly continuous permafrost zone > extensive-discontinuous permafrost zone > sparse island permafrost zone. [ Conclusion] BGB distribution is primarily influenced by slope, stand age, and permafrost type, with marked differences in the response patterns of trees and shrubs. Notably, heterogeneity in root-to-shoot ratio sources across species and methodological inconsistencies between tree and shrub biomass estimation may introduce uncertainties, warranting future validation and standardization of localized root-to-shoot equations. This study addresses the critical gap in the scarcity of field-measured data for shrub-layer belowground biomass in this region. Furthermore, future carbon pool assessments in permafrost regions should separately account for tree and shrub functional groups, and integrate the carbon pool dynamics of the understory shrub layer into regional carbon budgets to improve the accuracy of forest carbon stock estimation.

关键词

根冠比 / 空间分异 / 多年冻土类型 / 林龄 / 地形

Key words

root-to-shoot ratio / spatial differentiation / permafrost type / stand age / topography

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金“双碳”专项子课题(32241033)

国家自然科学基金面上项目(42371098)