天山天然云杉林小蠹优势种及其空间分布格局

Dominant bark beetle species and their spatial distribution patterns in natural Picea schrenkiana forests of the Tianshan Mountains

摘要

【目的】新疆天山东部天然云杉林受虫害严重，现有研究对该地区钻蛀性害虫群落及分布格局认识不足。本研究旨在明确雪岭云杉林钻蛀性害虫群落组成及优势种群空间分布规律，为虫灾精准监测和有效治理提供科学依据。【方法】通过样地调查、信息素诱集和树干解析，构建林分综合危害指数，分析不同受害程度林分内蛀干害虫群落组成、优势种及其空间生态位关系。【结果】天山东部林区雪岭云杉受害水平高于西部；林分综合危害指数与诱捕器平均诱捕数量呈极显著正相关（ r_s = 0.881， P < 0.01），与钻蛀性害虫群落多样性无显著关联。天山重齿小蠹是天山东部林区蛀干害虫的优势种，天山星坑小蠹为次优势种；前者主要分布树干中下部（4 ~ 10 m）及较大径级（ D > 10 cm）的干与枝；后者集中分布于树干中上部（9 ~ 17 m）及较小径级（ D ≤ 10 cm）的干与枝；两种小蠹在垂直高度和水平径级上生态位重叠指数、相似性比例及种间竞争系数均较低，具有明显的空间生态位分化。【结论】本研究从区域、群落和单木 3 个尺度明确了天山雪岭云杉受害程度的空间分异特征及两种优势小蠹的空间生态位分化；天山重齿小蠹的高种群密度是天山东部雪岭云杉林受害的关键生物因子。建议建立区域风险分级与优势种动态调查相结合的多尺度综合监测体系，提升早期预警和精准治理能力。

Abstract

[Objective] Severe damage has been observed in the natural Picea schrenkiana forests of eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang, while research on wood-boring pest communities and their distribution patterns in the region remains limited. This study aimed to characterize the community composition and spatial distribution patterns of wood-boring pest in Picea schrenkiana forests and to identify the dominant pest species and their spatial niches, providing a scientific basis for precise monitoring and effective management. [Method] Field surveys, pheromone trapping, and stem analysis were used to assess wood-boring pest communities across stands with different damage severities. A Stand Integrated Damage Index (SI) was developed to quantify stand damage severity, and community composition, dominant species, and spatial niche relationships were analyzed. [Result] Damage severity was higher in the eastern than in the western Tianshan Mountains. SI was strongly and positively correlated with the mean number of individuals captured per trap ( r_s = 0.881, P < 0.01), but was not significantly associated with community diversity. Ips hauseri was the absolute dominant species in the Eastern Tianshan, followed by Pityogenes spessivtsevi, I. hauseri predominantly occupied the lower-middle trunk (4–10 m) and on larger-diameter stems and branches ( D > 10 cm), P. spessivtsevi was concentrated in the upper-middle trunk (9–17 m) and on smaller-diameter stems and branches ( D ≤ 10 cm). The two species showed low niche overlap, niche similarity, and interspecific competition along both vertical and diameter gradients, indicating pronounced spatial niche differentiation. [Conclusion] At the regional, community and individual-tree scales, damage severity of P. schrenkiana stands in the Tianshan Mountains showed clear spatial differentiation, and the two dominant bark beetles exhibited distinct spatial niche differentiation. The high population density of I. hauseri was a key biotic factor for the damage in the eastern Tianshan Mountains. A multi-scale monitoring system integrating regional risk zonation and dominant-species surveys is recommended to improve early warning and precision management.

关键词

天山 / 雪岭云杉 / 蛀干害虫 / 小蠹 / 优势种 / 空间生态位 / 生态位分化 / 多尺度监测

Key words

Tianshan Mountains / Picea schrenkiana / wood-boring pest / bark beetle / dominant species / spatial niche / niche differentiation / multi-scale monitoring

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基金资助

新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划(2026B02001-1)