天山西部雪岭云杉生态胁迫记忆形成特征

Ecological stress memory formation characteristics of Picea schrenkiana in the western Tianshan Mountains

摘要

【目的】生态胁迫记忆（ESM）是树木适应重复干旱的重要机制，但全球变化背景下干旱频发，雪岭云杉 ESM 的形成特征及驱动因素尚不明确。本研究旨在明确雪岭云杉是否形成 ESM，并探究雪岭云杉形成 ESM 的特征与影响因素，为全球变化下天山雪岭云杉林的保护与适应性经营提供科学依据。【方法】本研究以新疆天山西部不同海拔的雪岭云杉为对象，利用雪岭云杉生长季帕尔默干旱指数（PDSI）判定干旱事件，基于抵抗力差值（Δ R_t）和 Wilcoxon 配对符号秩检验判定 ESM 是否显著存在，并通过相关分析和广义估计方程（GEE）探讨 ESM 驱动因素。【结果】（1）雪岭云杉 ESM 的形成具有明显的干旱等级依赖性，其中中度干旱（−3 ≤ PDSI < −2）下 Δ R_t 最高（0.121），而重度干旱（−4 ≤ PDSI < −3）下 Δ R_t 中位数最低（−0.422），表现为显著的负向遗留效应；当干旱由轻度增强至中度、或由中度增强至重度时，抵抗力差值 Δ R_t 升高，雪岭云杉形成 ESM。（2）海拔所反映的环境梯度是影响 ESM 形成的重要空间因子，ESM 发生率随海拔升高显著降低（ P < 0.001），低、中、高海拔样地 ESM 发生率分别为 100%、66.7% 和 33.3%。（3）胸径和生长速率等个体属性对雪岭云杉是否会形成 ESM 的影响较弱，而年龄的树内效应与其呈正向关联，同一株树木随年龄增长及干旱经历不断积累，其 ESM 呈持续增强趋势。【结论】雪岭云杉 ESM 的形成受干旱强度与海拔所反映的环境梯度共同调控，个体属性具有一定的调节作用。研究结果丰富了树木生长胁迫记忆理论，可为天山雪岭云杉林气候适应性经营提供重要科学依据。

Abstract

[Objective] Ecological stress memory (ESM) is an important mechanism by which trees adapt to recurrent drought. However, against the backdrop of increasingly frequent drought events driven by global climate change, the characteristics and drivers of ESM formation in Picea schrenkiana remain unclear. This study aims to determine whether Picea schrenkiana forms ESM, and to investigate the characteristics and influencing factors of ESM, thereby providing a scientific basis for the conservation and adaptive management of Picea schrenkiana forests in the context of global change. [Method] This study investigated P. schrenkiana at different elevations in the western Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang. Drought events were identified using the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) during the tree growing season. The existence of ESM was assessed based on the difference in resistance (Δ R_t) and the Wilcoxon paired signed-rank test, and correlation analysis and generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to investigate the driving factors of ESM. [Result] (1) The formation of ESM in P. schrenkiana showed a clear dependence on drought severity. The Δ R_t was highest (0.121) under moderate drought (−3 ≤ PDSI < −2), whereas its median value was lowest (−0.422) under severe drought (−4 ≤ PDSI < −3), indicating a significant negative legacy effect. As drought severity increased from mild to moderate or from moderate to severe, the resistance difference (Δ R_t) increased, indicating the formation of ESM in P. schrenkiana. (2) The environmental gradient represented by elevation is an important spatial factor influencing ESM formation, with the ESM occurrence rate decreasing significantly with increasing elevation ( P < 0.001). The ESM occurrence rates at low-, middle-, and high-elevation sites were 100%, 66.7%, and 33.3%, respectively. (3) Individual traits such as diameter at breast height (DBH) and growth rate had relatively weak effects on whether snow spruce developed ESM, whereas the within-tree effect of age was positively associated with ESM, indicating that ESM tended to increase continuously within the same tree as age and cumulative drought experience increased. [ Conclusion] The formation of ESM in P. schrenkiana is jointly regulated by drought intensity and the environmental gradient represented by elevation, with individual traits exerting a certain moderating effect. These findings enrich the theory of growth stress memory in trees and provide an important scientific basis for climate-adaptive management of P. schrenkiana forests in the Tianshan Mountains.

关键词

雪岭云杉 / 生态胁迫记忆 / 海拔 / 个体属性 / 干旱事件

Key words

Picea schrenkiana / ecological stress memory / elevational / individual attributes / drought events

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基金资助

新疆维吾尔自治区天山创新团队计划(2025D14004)

新疆维吾尔自治区天山英才培养计划(2024TSYCCX0041)

新疆维吾尔自治区杰出青年科学基金项目