To improve the accuracy of urban freight demand forecasting, a PMGM(1,N) grey Markov prediction model was developed, with Ningbo City and Wuhu City as empirical study cases. First, a multi-factor indicator system was established, and grey relational analysis was employed to identify the core variables.Then, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was applied to optimize the background value interpolation coefficient of the MGM(1,N) model, enhancing its fitting capability. Finally, a Markov state transition matrix was introduced to correct the residuals, thereby improving the model's adaptability to data fluctuations. The empirical results show that the PMGM(1,N) grey Markov model outperforms GM(1,1), multiple linear regression, MGM(1,N), and PMGM(1,N) models in both fitting and forecasting accuracy, fully verifying its effectiveness and superiority in urban freight demand forecasting.
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