In deep high⁃stress environments, panel coal pillars are subjected to high static load and dynamic loading disturbance induced by roof fracturing, which leads to frequent occurrences of dynamic disasters such as rock bursts. To predict, prevent and control rock bursts in coal pillar zones, true triaxial tests under the unidirectional two⁃sided unloading condition were conducted on coal samples of different ranks, and the strength characteristics, failure modes, and acoustic emission energy evolution features of the coal samples with different ranks were investigated. The results show that: the strength of coal samples increases with coal rank, and the higher the coal rank, the more pronounced its brittle characteristics; failure tends to be ductile as the initial vertical stress increases, and the characteristics of fracture and deformation of coal samples are mainly influenced by their cohesion and internal friction angle values. Under the condition of unidirectional two⁃sided unloading, coal samples are more susceptible to failure under horizontal stress disturbance, and the failure mode tends to be bedding⁃type. The frequency and amplitude of dynamic load affect the damage and deformation of coal mass by dominating the size and morphology of internal cracks and the number of fractures within them, respectively; the failure evolves from the interior to the unloading surface under dynamic loading condition, predominantly in the form of shear failure. The energy evolution patterns of input energy and dissipated energy densities for coal samples of different ranks are generally consistent, and the stress disturbance frequency can offset the reduction effect of shear strength on energy dissipation. The research findings reveal the failure laws of unidirectional two⁃sided unloading coal pillars with different ranks under in⁃situ stress change condition, and provide a reference for prediction, prevention and control of rock bursts in panel coal pillars.
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