Under the influence of stress disturbance, the plastic zone of roadway surrounding rock is prone to violent expansion and form dynamic disaster. Taking 13230 transportation roadway of Gengcun Coal Mine as the engineering background, the evolution law of plastic zone and mechanism of dynamic disaster under different stress states were studied by theoretical analysis, mechanical test and field monitoring. The failure of surrounding rock is related to its spatial stress state. The distortion energy required for rock failure is linearly positively correlated with the ratio of effective intermediate principal stress to uniaxial compressive strength, based on this, a new 3D strength criterion is established, and the solution equation of plastic zone is derived. The results show that: the shape and size of plastic zone are controlled by the lateral pressure coefficient λ and the axial stress, respectively. As λ gradually increases or decreases from 1, the plastic zone expansion rate increases, and the plastic zone shape shows a trend of 'circle→ellipse→butterfly'. The increase of axial stress has an inhibitory effect on the plastic zone expansion. The more the λ deviates from 1, the more obvious the inhibitory effect is. When the roadway size and stress environment are constant, the maximum size of plastic zone is negatively correlated with the material constant a of the surrounding rock and the uniaxial compressive strength σc. The larger a and σc are, the higher the energy required for the failure of surrounding rock is. The occurrence mechanism of roadway dynamic disaster is that the a and σc of coal mass in 13230 roadway are high, the internal distortion energy and deviatoric stress of coal mass in roadway are highly concentrated in the normal mining process, the plastic zone has developed to butterfly but its size is very small, and the surrounding rock maintains high integrity. Butterfly failure has stress sensitivity, when stress disturbance occurs, the stress environment of coal mass changes abruptly, a large amount of energy is released violently, and the plastic zone expands sharply, resulting in dynamic disasters.The prevention and control idea of roadway dynamic disaster is to weaken the stress concentration and surrounding rock strength by adopting various pressure relief measures, to avoid the large⁃scale rapid expansion of plastic zone after stress disturbance. The research results can provide reference for the occurrence mechanism and prevention technology of roadway dynamic disasters.
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