Coal burst is a sudden dynamic disaster induced by the superposition of dynamic and static loads. Its disaster‑causing mechanism is complex and the resulting damage is severe, posing a serious threat to mine safety. To realistically reproduce the failure process of coal burst in laboratory conditions, it is essential to establish a coal–rock dynamic similarity criterion capable of simulating coal burst disasters. Therefore, a dynamic similarity criterion coefficient with the acceleration similarity ratio as the core parameter was proposed, and a coal–rock dynamic similarity criterion system with this coefficient as the controlling parameter was established. The coupling relationships between the dynamic similarity criterion coefficient and the similarity ratios of stress, elastic modulus, time, and strain rate were analyzed. Furthermore, the applicable range of model stress curves under different geometric similarity ratios and the value range of the dynamic similarity criterion coefficient were specified, providing a theoretical basis for the dynamic physical simulation of coal burst. In terms of similar materials, sodium fluorosilicate, talc powder, and sodium silicate were selected as the basic raw materials. Using the orthogonal experimental method, four groups of similar material proportioning schemes were designed. Sixteen types of standard specimens of similar materials were prepared, and uniaxial compression tests as well as cyclic loading–unloading tests were conducted. The influence of different proportioning schemes on the mechanical properties of the similar materials was systematically analyzed. The results show that increasing the contents of sodium fluorosilicate and talc powder can significantly improve the density, strength, and stiffness of the materials, thereby enhancing the burst tendency of the model. Quantitative relationships between the material proportions and compressive strength, elastic modulus, density, and dynamic failure time are further analyzed using multiple linear regression, and a controllable and multi‑objective optimized design method for similar materials is established. Taking a deep coal seam with coal burst risk as an example, the physical parameters of the model and the mix proportions of the similar materials are determined by combining the dynamic similarity criterion with the regression results of the similar materials. The matching characteristics between the coal–rock dynamic similarity criterion and the similar materials are further analyzed. The research results provide a systematic method and practical reference for the construction of dynamic physical models of coal burst and the selection of similar materials.
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