To enhance the accuracy and specificity of rockburst monitoring and early warning under mining-induced dewatering in water-rich working faces, true triaxial loading-unloading acoustic emission (AE) tests were conducted on natural and saturated coal specimens under various confining pressures. Integrating field microseismic data with the Random Forest (RF) algorithm, the damage evolution mechanism and precursory indicator sensitivity under hydro-mechanical coupling were investigated. The results indicate that hydro-mechanical coupling significantly governs rockburst occurrence. During the failure stage, saturated coal specimens affected by the superposition of pore water pressure and rock stress exhibit accelerated internal crack propagation and coalescence, characterized by more intense "step-like" energy release and damage evolution compared to natural specimens. Specific precursory indicators for rockburst under water-rich conditions were identified, among which the total fault area A(t) and b-value were most sensitive to critical instability, with pre-failure variation amplitudes of 1 349% and 57%, respectively. A weight-based multi-parameter coupling warning model was developed. The RF algorithm quantified the indicator importance as: b-value (seismicity level) > A(t) (total fault area) > ΔF (seismic activity scale) > Z‑map (mean magnitude change) > A(b) (seismicity) > EEM (equivalent energy magnitude). Accordingly, a monitoring and early warning framework for rockburst hazards in water-rich environments is established, providing a theoretical foundation for disaster prevention under similar geological conditions.
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