无土栽培切花菊不同生育阶段的基质适宜含水量探究

Research on optimal water content for cut chrysanthemum at different growth stages in soilless cultivation

摘要

[目的]本文旨在明确切花菊各生育期最优的基质适宜水分含量，为切花菊的水分精确管理提供科学依据。[方法]以多头切花菊主栽品种‘南农小金星’和‘瑞多斯特白’为基质栽培试验材料，在营养生长期、花芽分化期和花蕾膨大期 3 个时期设置基质水分含量 4 种区间试验处理(分别为基质田间持水量的 10%~25%、25%~40%、40%~ 55%和 55%~ 70%)，除处理之外的生根期水分供应确保充足，比较基质不同水分含量对切花菊生长、切花品质和水分利用率的影响。[结果]切花菊各生育阶段对基质水分需求不同:在营养生长期，当基质含水量维持在田间持水量的 40%~55%时，切花菊达到最佳生长状态;进入花芽分化期后，适宜水分范围扩展为 40%~55%和 55%~ 70%2 个区间;至花蕾膨大期，切花菊对水分的适应性进一步增强，在 25%~40%、40%~55%及 55%~70%3 个含水区间均能保持良好生长态势。进一步分析发现，在试验的各生育阶段中，切花菊的水分利用率随着基质相对含水量的降低，水分利用率显著提高。在确保植株正常生长发育的前提下，将基质含水量降低至各生育期适宜范围的下限附近，可显著提高水分利用率。[结论]综合切花菊各生育期的阶段生长状况、鲜花品质指标和水分利用率，基质栽培条件下的各生育期灌溉阈值建议:营养生长期维持基质含水量于田间持水量的 40%~55%，花芽分化期保持在 40%~55%含水量，而花蕾膨大期则调整至 25%~ 40%，对应的最佳单位面积灌水量为营养生长期 33.93L·m^-2、花芽分化期 54.73L·m^-2、花蕾膨大期 84.85L·m -2。

Abstract

[Objectives] This study aimed to determine the optimal substrate moisture content for each growth stage of cut chrysanthemums, providing a scientific basis for precise water management. [Methods] Using the main multi-head cut chrysanthemum cultivars ‘Nannongxiaojinxing’ and ‘Ridost White’ as substrate cultivation materials, four experimental treatments were set with different substrate moisture content intervals (10%-25%, 25%-40%, 40%-55%, and 55%-70% of the substrate field capacity, respectively) during the vegetative growth stage, floral bud differentiation stage, and flower bud enlargement stage. Adequate water supply was ensured during the rooting stage outside of these treatments. The effects of different substrate moisture contents on the growth, cut flower quality, and water use efficiency of cut chrysanthemums were compared. [Results] The water requirement of cut chrysanthemums varied across different growth stages. During the vegetative growth stage, the optimal growth state was achieved when the substrate moisture content was maintained at 40%-55% of field capacity. After entering the floral bud differentiation stage, the suitable moisture range expanded to two intervals: 40%-55% and 55%-70%. By the flower bud enlargement stage, the adaptability of cut chrysanthemums to water further increased, allowing good growth within three moisture ranges: 25%-40%, 40%-55% and 55%-70%. Further analysis showed that, across all growth stages, water use efficiency significantly improved as the relative substrate moisture content decreased. Under the premise of ensuring normal plant growth and development, reducing the substrate moisture content to near the lower limit of the suitable range for each growth stage significantly enhanced water use efficiency. [Conclusions] Considering the growth performance at each stage, the cut flower quality indicators at harvest, and water use efficiency, the recommended irrigation thresholds for substrate cultivation were as follows: maintain the substrate moisture content at 40%-55% of field capacity during the vegetative growth stage, keep it at 40%-55% during the floral bud differentiation stage, and adjust it to 25%-40% during the flower bud enlargement stage. The corresponding optimal irrigation volumes per unit area were 33.93 L·m^-2 for the vegetative growth stage, 54.73 L·m^-2 for the floral bud differentiation stage, and 84.85 L·m^-2 for the flower bud enlargement stage.

关键词

切花菊 / 基质栽培 / 滴灌 / 节水 / 水分利用率

Key words

cut chrysanthemums / substrate cultivation / drip irrigation / water conservation / water use efficiency

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划项目(YFD20201000400)

国家大宗蔬菜产业技术体系(CARS-23-A18)

江苏省农业科技自主创新资金项目(CX(21)2004)