覆膜滴灌对宁夏干旱与半干旱区盐碱地玉米光合特性和产量的影响

Effects of film mulching and drip irrigation on photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of maize in saline-alkali soils of arid and semi-arid regions in Ningxia

摘要

[目的]本研究旨在探究宁夏干旱与半干旱地区盐碱地玉米在不同覆膜方式与滴灌量条件下的光合生理响应特征，从光合生理机制角度揭示覆膜滴灌提高作物产量及水分利用效率的内在原因。[方法]本研究采用裂区试验设计，以滴灌量和覆膜方式为试验因素。主区滴灌量设置 5 个水平，分别为 4200(W1)、3750(W2)、3300(W3)、2850(W4)、2400(W5) m³·hm^-2；副区为覆膜方式，包括覆膜与无膜 2 种处理。试验共形成 10 个处理组合，每个处理重复 3 次。[结果]在相同覆膜条件下，玉米叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶面积及光合参数(包括净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间 CO₂ 浓度)在整个生育期内均呈“先升后降”的单峰变化趋势，各指标从高到低依次对应 W3、W2、W1、W5、W4 处理。同一滴灌量下，覆膜处理的上述指标均显著高于无膜处理。其中，在 W3 滴灌量(3300m³·hm^-2)下，覆膜使叶面积、SPAD 值、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间 CO₂ 浓度分别显著提高 3.13%~40.10%、1.55%~13.80%、4.96%~58.06%、23.76%~106.00%、0.85%~14.58%和 54.67%~82.58%。滴灌量与覆膜方式的互作对产量构成因素均具有显著影响(P<0.05)。与覆膜处理相比，不覆膜条件下 W1-W5 滴灌处理的产量分别降低了 4.89%、3.58%、7.14%、1.50%和 3.36%。[结论]将 3300m³·hm^-2滴灌量与覆膜措施相结合，可显著提高盐碱地玉米的叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶面积以及光合参数，并显著增加产量，表明该处理组合是一种适用于盐碱地玉米栽培的优化模式。

Abstract

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the photosynthetic physiological response characteristics of maize planted in saline-alkali soils of arid and semi-arid areas in Ningxia under different film mulching patterns and drip irrigation quotas, and to reveal the intrinsic mechanisms by which film mulching coupled with drip irrigation improved crop yield and water use efficiency from the perspective of photosynthetic physiology.[Methods]A split-plot experimental design was adopted in this study, with drip irrigation quota and film mulching pattern as experimental factors. The main plots consisted of five drip irrigation quota levels: 4200 (W1), 3750 (W2), 3300 (W3), 2850 (W4) and 2400 (W5) m³·hm^-2; the subplots were assigned to two mulching treatments, i.e., film mulching and no mulching. A total of 10 treatment combinations were generated, with three replications for each treatment.[Results]Under identical film mulching conditions, maize chlorophyll content (SPAD value), leaf area and photosynthetic parameters (net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration) exhibited a unimodal trend of increasing first and then decreasing across the whole growth period. All measured indicators reached the highest values under treatment W3, followed sequentially by W2, W1, W5 and W4. For a given drip irrigation quota, all above-mentioned indicators under film mulching were significantly higher than those under no mulching. Specifically, at the drip irrigation level of W3 (3300m³·hm^-2), film mulching significantly increased leaf area, SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration by 3.13%-40.10%, 1.55%-13.80%, 4.96%-58.06%, 23.76%-106.00%, 0.85%-14.58% and 54.67%-82.58%, respectively. The interaction between drip irrigation quota and mulching pattern exerted significant effects on yield components (P<0.05). Relative to film mulching, grain yield under no mulching decreased by 4.89%, 3.58%, 7.14%, 1.50% and 3.36% for treatments W1 to W5, respectively.[Conclusions]The drip irrigation quota level of 3300m³·hm^-2 combined with mulching film could significantly promote the improvement of chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf area, and photosynthetic indexes of maize in saline soil and increase the yield, and better cultivation effect could be realized.

关键词

光合生理 / 滴灌 / 覆盖地膜 / 盐碱地 / 玉米

Key words

photosynthetic physiology / drip irrigation / cover with mulch / saline-alkali soil / maize

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1900603)

宁夏回族自治区自然科学基金项目(2025AAC030180)