固氮菌剂:从机理研究到田间应用的进展与展望

Nitrogen-fixing bacterial inoculants: progress and prospects from mechanistic research to field application

摘要

固氮菌剂是推动化肥减量增效、提升耕地质量并促进农业绿色转型的核心要素，在农业可持续发展中具有重要战略地位。本文系统梳理了固氮菌的研究体系，涵盖固氮微生物多样性及其固氮机制、高效菌种资源挖掘与选育技术、制剂生产工艺及田间应用技术，深入分析了制约其产业化应用的关键问题。研究表明，菌剂改良效果的不稳定性，主要源于接种菌株与土著微生物群落互作机制不清、传统筛选与评价方法效率低且可重复性差、生产工艺与施用技术尚不完善等方面。针对上述问题，本文提出深化原位微生态系统互作机制研究、推动合成菌群理性设计、建立智能化筛选与标准化评价体系、创新绿色高效生产工艺、推进精准施用与场景拓展等应对策略，并对未来研究方向进行了展望。固氮菌剂研究将向“机制深化、功能协同、智能精准、绿色高效”方向深入发展，为保障国家粮食安全、推动农业绿色转型提供重要科技支撑。

Abstract

Nitrogen-fixing bacterial inoculants are key components for promoting fertilizer reduction and efficiency enhancement, improving arable land quality, and facilitating the green transformation of agriculture, and they hold a significant strategic position in sustainable agricultural development. This paper systematically reviews the research aspects of nitrogen-fixing bacterial inoculants, covering the diversity and nitrogen-fixing mechanisms of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, technologies for mining and selecting efficient strains, formulation production processes, and field application techniques. It further analyzes key issues restricting their industrial application. Research indicates that the instability of inoculant efficacy primarily stems from unclear mechanisms of interaction between inoculated strains and native microbial communities, low efficiency and poor reproducibility of traditional screening and evaluation methods, and deficiencies in production processes and application techniques. To address these challenges, this paper proposes future strategies and prospects, including deepening research on in situ micro-ecosystem interaction mechanisms, promoting the rational design of synthetic microbial consortia, establishing intelligent screening and standardized evaluation systems, innovating green and efficient production processes, and advancing precision application and expansion of application scenarios. Research on nitrogen-fixing bacterial inoculants will progress toward deeper mechanistic understanding, functional synergy, intelligent and precise application, and green and efficiency processes, providing crucial scientific and technological support for ensuring national food security and promoting the green transformation of agriculture.

关键词

固氮菌剂 / 生物固氮 / 合成菌群 / 菌种选育 / 绿色农业

Key words

nitrogen-fixing bacterial inoculants / biological nitrogen fixation / synthetic microbial consortia / strain improvement / green agriculture

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基金资助

教育部基础学科和交叉学科突破计划项目(JYB2025XD XM703)