植物寄生线虫生物防治:从植物免疫到根际微生态调控

Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: from plant immunity to rhizosphere microecological regulation

摘要

植物寄生线虫(plant-parasitic nematode, PPN)是严重威胁全球农业可持续发展的一类植物寄生有害生物，每年给全球农业造成巨大的经济损失。传统的物理与化学防治手段存在对非靶标生物的负面效应、环境污染和抗药性等问题。生物防治凭借其环境友好、靶向性强、可持续等优势，成为植物寄生线虫领域的研究前沿与热点。本文系统综述了 PPN 的生物学特征与危害现状，重点阐述了 PPN 对寄主植物的侵染机制以及寄主植物通过自身免疫防御系统或基于呼救策略的植物-土壤反馈所构建的多层次免疫防御体系。在此基础上，文章从三个方向梳理了线虫生物防治的研究进展:1)基于抗、感病基因编辑技术培育抗性植物品种;2)基于根际微生态调控构建抑病土壤;3)改良农业耕作方式形成综合治理体系。随着对土壤-植物互作系统中植物-线虫-微生物间多元互作网络的深入研究，基于土壤-植物系统的地下-地上互馈机制优化的生物源线虫防治将超越单一植物端或土壤端的病害防控技术范畴，为建立绿色、高效、可持续的线虫病害防控体系提供坚实的支撑。

Abstract

Plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) are a group of plant parasitic pests that pose a serious threat to the sustainable development of global agriculture, causing enormous economic losses to global agriculture every year. Conventional physical and chemical control methods suffer from disadvantages such as negative effects on non-target organisms, environmental pollution, and drug resistance. Biological control, owing to its environmental friendliness, strong target specificity, and sustainability, has become a research hotspot and frontier in the field of plant-parasitic nematodes. This paper systematically reviews the biological characteristics and current damage status of PPN, with an emphasis on the infection mechanisms employed by PPN against host plants and the multi-layered defense systems mounted by host plants through either their intrinsic immune system or plant-soil feedback regulation based on a “cry for help” strategy. On this basis, this paper also summarizes research progress in nematode biological control from three major strategies: 1) breeding resistant plant varieties through resistance and susceptibility gene editing technologies; 2) constructing disease-suppressive soils through rhizosphere microecological regulation; 3) improving agricultural cultivation practices to form integrated management systems. With in-depth investigation of the multi-partite interaction network among plants, nematodes, and microorganisms within the soil-plant system, biocontrol strategies for nematodes based on optimizing aboveground-belowground feedback mechanisms will transcend the traditional scope of disease control focusing solely on the plant or soil side, thereby providing more robust support for the establishment of a green, efficient, and sustainable nematode disease management system.

关键词

植物寄生线虫 / 植物-线虫互作 / 生物防治 / 抗、感病基因 / 根际微生态 / 植物-土壤反馈

Key words

plant-parasitic nematodes / plant-nematode interactions / biological control / resistance and susceptibility genes / rhizosphere microecology / plant-soil feedback

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基金资助

教育部生物肥药学科突破先导项目(JYB2025XD XM703)

浙江省自然科学基金杰出青年基金项目(LR25D010001)