葡萄主要果实病害生物防治研究进展

Research progress in biological control of major grape fruit diseases

摘要

葡萄果实病害严重影响葡萄产量、商品品质和葡萄酒酿造质量。随着葡萄产业绿色高质量发展和化学农药减量需求的提高，生物防治正逐渐成为葡萄果实病害可持续防控体系的重要组成部分。近年来，多类生防细菌、拮抗酵母、酵母样真菌和丝状真菌被报道用于葡萄果实病害防控，并显示出良好的应用潜力。本文首先概述我国葡萄主要果实病害的种类和发生特点，系统梳理相关生防微生物资源，归纳营养与空间竞争、直接拮抗作用和诱导抗病性等主要防病机制;进一步从果实相关微生物组视角分析病害发生过程中微生物群落的变化及潜在有益微生物挖掘的新思路，并总结国内外活体微生物产品的登记与应用现状。在此基础上，本文进一步对葡萄果实病害生物防治的发展方向进行了展望，认为完善生防资源评价体系、加强候选资源的生态适配性评价和作用机制的因果验证，结合果实相关微生物组开展精准资源挖掘，并优化剂型、田间施用及综合治理技术，是提高葡萄果实病害生物防治稳定性和应用价值的重要方向。

Abstract

Fruit diseases in grape production seriously affects grape yield, commercial quality, and wine-making quality. With the increasing demand for green and high-quality development of the grape industry and reduced use of chemical pesticides, biological control has become an important component of sustainable management systems for grape fruit diseases. In recent years, diverse biocontrol bacteria, antagonist yeasts, yeast-like fungi, and filamentous fungi have been reported for the control of grape fruit diseases, demonstrating promising application potential. This review first summarizes the major types and occurrence characteristics of grape fruit diseases in China and systematically reviews the microbial biocontrol resources reported for their control. The major mechanisms of disease suppression, including competition for nutrients and space, direct antagonism, and induced resistance, are then discussed. From the perspective of fruit-associated microbiomes, changes in microbial communities during disease development and new strategies for identifying potential beneficial microorganisms are further analyzed. The registration and application status of live microbial products for the control of grape fruit diseases worldwide is also summarized. On this basis, future directions for biological control of grape fruit diseases are discussed, with emphasis on improving systematic evaluation of biocontrol resources, strengthening assessment of the ecological adaptability of candidate resources and causal validation of their modes of action, promoting precision mining of beneficial microorganisms based on fruit-associated microbiomes, optimizing formulations, field application techniques, and integrated disease management. These advances are expected to improve the stability and practical application value of biological control for grape fruit diseases.

关键词

葡萄果实病害 / 灰霉病 / 炭疽病 / 白腐病 / 酸腐病 / 生物防治 / 果实相关微生物组 / 生防产品

Key words

grape fruit diseases / gray mold / riperot / whiterot / sourrot / biological control / fruit-associated microbiome / biocontrol products

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基金资助

国家葡萄产业技术体系(CARS-29-bc-3)