芽胞杆菌在植物病害生物防治中的作用机制与应用研究进展

Research progress on the mechanisms and applications of Bacillus in the biological control of plant diseases

摘要

芽胞杆菌及其近缘产芽胞细菌具有芽胞抗逆性强、代谢产物丰富、易于发酵和制剂加工等特点，部分菌株还具有较强的植物相关生态位定殖能力，是植物病害生物防治领域重要的微生物资源。本文综述芽胞杆菌主要生防类群、活性物质、作用机制及应用进展，重点介绍枯草芽胞杆菌种复合群、蜡样芽胞杆菌广义群以及具有重要农业应用价值的近缘产芽胞细菌，论述脂肽、聚酮类及聚酮-非核糖体肽杂合化合物、小分子抗生素、胞外酶、嗜铁素和挥发性有机物等主要活性物质合成与作用机制。芽胞杆菌可通过定殖与营养竞争、直接拮抗、诱导植物系统抗性、促进植物生长及调节植物相关微生物群落等途径抑制病害发生。其制剂已广泛用于种子处理、土壤处理、叶面喷施和采后病害防控。目前仍存在实验室筛选结果与田间防效不一致、近缘类群分类鉴定困难及部分菌株存在安全风险等问题。今后应加强菌株的准确鉴定、分类与安全评价，深入解析芽胞杆菌植物相关生态位中的定殖与功能表达机制，推进制剂优化和复合生防体系构建，以提高芽胞杆菌生防产品的田间稳定性和应用水平。

Abstract

Bacillus spp. and closely related spore-forming bacteria are important microbial resources for the biological control of plant diseases because of their highly stress-resistant endospores, diverse metabolites, and suitability for fermentation and formulation. Some strains also exhibit strong colonization capacity in plant-associated niches. This review summarizes the principal Bacillus taxa used in biological control, their bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, and advances in practical applications, with particular emphasis on the Bacillus subtilis species complex, the Bacillus cereus sensu lato group, and closely related spore-forming bacteria of agricultural importance. Major bioactive compounds, including lipopeptides, polyketides and polyketide-nonribosomal peptide hybrids, small-molecule antibiotics, extracellular enzymes, siderophores, and volatile organic compounds, are also summarized. Bacillus spp. can suppress plant diseases through colonization and nutrient competition, direct antagonism, induction of systemic resistance, promotion of plant growth, and modulation of plant-associated microbial communities. Their formulations have been widely applied in seed treatment, soil treatment, foliar spraying, and postharvest disease management. However, several challenges remain, including inconsistencies between laboratory screening results and field efficacy, difficulties in the taxonomic identification of closely related taxa, and potential safety risks associated with certain strains. Future research should strengthen accurate strain identification, taxonomic classification, and safety assessment, further elucidate the mechanisms underlying colonization and functional expression in plant-associated niches, and promote formulation optimization and the development of combined biocontrol systems to improve the field stability and practical application of Bacillus-based biocontrol products.

关键词

芽胞杆菌 / 植物病害 / 生物防治 / 活性代谢物 / 定殖 / 诱导系统抗性

Key words

Bacillus / plant disease / biological control / bioactive metabolites / colonization / induced systemic resistance

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基金资助

教育部学科突破先导项目(JYB2025XD XM703)