运动水平和条件变化对正脚背踢球动作协调特征及变异性的影响

Effects of sports level and kicking condition on the inter-segmental coordination and variability of instep kicking

摘要

[目的]明确运动水平和条件变化对正脚背踢球动作协调特征及协调变异性的影响.[方法]选取14名足球专项和32名普通无足球专项训练经验大学生,获得其3种踢球条件下的运动学和肌电数据,确定下肢各环节各协调特征占时比例、肌肉协调激活率、耦合角标准差在不同运动水平和条件变化间的差异.[结果]无论踢球条件,后摆阶段,专项大学生踢球腿髋-膝同相和膝-踝近端占时比例显著大于普通大学生.普通大学生踢无时间限制定位球时,支撑腿髋-膝远端占时比例显著小于踢有时间限制定位球时,而专项大学生该指标在踢球条件间无显著差异.前摆阶段,专项大学生踢球腿膝-踝近端占时比例显著大于普通大学生,支撑腿髋-膝异相和近端占时比例显著小于普通大学生.加速阶段,专项大学生踢球腿膝-踝近端、支撑腿髋-膝异相和膝-踝近端占时比例大于普通大学生.无论踢球条件,专项大学生胫骨前肌-腓肠肌协调激活率显著小于普通大学生,踢球腿膝-踝耦合角标准差大于普通大学生.[结论]与初学者相比,专业运动员通过踢球腿膝关节屈伸控制主导和小腿肌群(胫骨前肌与腓肠肌)较低协调激活率的动作控制机制,完成更快速和更省力的正脚背踢球动作.建议足球运动员通过膝关节屈伸动态稳定性练习,结合小腿肌群激活与放松控制等训练,优化踢球动作的发力模式.建议实践中通过滚动球训练引导运动员调整支撑腿各环节协调特征,提高踢球准确性和抗环境变化干扰的能力.

Abstract

[Objective] To examine the effect of sports level and kicking condition on the inter-segmental coordination and coordination variability of instep kicking. [Methods] Kinematic and electromyographic data were collected for 14 soccer-majored college students and 32 general college students performing three instep kicking tasks. Differences of the time spent percentage of each inter-segmental coordination pattern, the activation rate of muscle coordination, and the standard deviation of coupling angle among sports levels and conditions were identified. [Results] The kicking leg hip-knee in-phase and knee-ankle proximal percentage of soccer-majored students was significantly greater than that of general students in the backswing phase under the three kicking conditions. The support leg hip-knee distal percentage in the timeless condition of general students was significantly lower than that in the time-limited condition, while there was no significant difference between the kicking conditions for soccer-majored college students in the backswing phase. The kicking leg knee-ankle proximal percentage of soccer-majored students was significantly greater than that of the general students, but support leg hip-knee anti-phase and proximal percentage were lower in the leg-cocking phase. The kicking leg knee-ankle proximal, support leg hip-knee anti-phase, and knee-ankle proximal percentage of soccer-majored students were significantly greater than that of the general students in the leg acceleration phase. The tibia-gastrocnemius co-activation rate of soccer-majored students was significantly lower, while the standard deviation of coupling angle was greater than that of the general students under the three kicking conditions. [Conclusions] High-level athletes achieve faster and more economical instep kicking through the knee flexion-extension dominant inter-segmental coordination and lower co-activation of lower leg muscles. The dynamic stability exercises involving knee flexion and extension, as well as activation and relaxation control exercises of the lower leg muscles, may be effective ways to enhance instep kicking motor control ability and performance for soccer athletes. Rolling ball drills should be incorporated in soccer practice to enhance the resistance to environmental interference via adjusting the inter-segmental coordination of support leg.

关键词

协调特征 / 耦合角 / 动作控制 / 动态系统理论 / 正脚背踢球

Key words

inter-segmental coordination / coupling angle / motor control / dynamic system theory / instep kicking

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(81572212)

2024年度山西省基础研究计划自由探索类项目(202403021222072)

2024年度山西省研究生教育创新计划项目(2024SZ04)