咸化湖盆优质烃源岩发育机制与页岩油富集过程:以柴达木盆地下干柴沟组上段为例
尹嘉 , 邹才能 , 吴松涛 , 伍坤宇 , 邢浩婷 , 魏琳 , 赵正福 , 路冠文 , 袁铭 , 符芳亮 , 华柑霖 , 荆振华
地球科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (07) : 2875 -2898.
咸化湖盆优质烃源岩发育机制与页岩油富集过程:以柴达木盆地下干柴沟组上段为例
Development Mechanism of High⁃Quality Source Rock and Enrichment Processes of Shale Oil in Saline Lacustrine Basin: A Case Study of Upper Member of Lower Ganchaigou Formation, Qaidam Basin
,
为深入研究咸化湖盆细粒沉积过程中基础地质理论,助力我国页岩油勘探开发,以柴达木盆地始新世咸化湖相沉积(下干柴沟组上段)为研究对象,总结了前人关于优质烃源岩发育机制与页岩油富集过程的研究认识,探讨了目前研究中存在的不足和亟需关注的重点.柴达木盆地为高原山间咸化湖盆,生烃母质类型复杂,包括藻类、细菌、高等植物三大类,其中葡萄藻在间歇性温暖湿润的气候条件、富营养且淡化的水体环境中勃发,与优质烃源岩的发育密切相关.“相对富营养”、“中等盐度”、“适当缺氧”的水体环境有助于形成较高的初级生产力和较好的保存条件,共同促进了咸化湖盆有机质的富集.咸化湖相烃源岩存在典型的“二段式”生烃,可溶有机质与干酪根分别在未成熟和成熟阶段生油,从“源”的角度为页岩油富集奠定物质基础.物性良好的层状灰云岩广泛发育,从“储”的角度保障了页岩油的规模富集.多样化的源储组合类型导致了页岩油差异性聚集,其中源储一体型页岩油以自生自储的方式聚集,烃类富集程度高;源储分异型页岩油以微运移的方式富集,烃类富集程度相对较低,但其轻质组分含量高、可动性较好.下干柴沟组上段中的盐下带是优质烃源岩发育的主要层段,也是当前页岩油勘探开发的目标层位,但是其厚度超过1 200 m,进一步聚焦页岩油“甜点段”是研究的重点.柴达木盆地特殊的形成背景是研究极端水体条件下烃源岩发育机制和页岩油富集过程的典型案例,还存在诸多问题亟需系统性研究,如高盐度水介质条件下湖泊营养元素循环模式、不同咸化阶段有机质的差异富集机制、生物‒环境协同变化规律及对烃源岩品质的控制作用,巨厚页岩层系生烃、成储模式及其差异性,不同源储组合页岩油的赋存、富集机制等.相关研究对进一步明确柴达木盆地页岩层系发育机制、实现页岩油增储上产具有重要意义.
To enhance the fundamental scientific understanding of fine-grained sedimentation in saline lacustrine basins and to expedite shale oil exploration in China, this study focuses on the Eocene saline lacustrine sediments (the upper member of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation) within the Qaidam Basin,summarizing previous research insights regarding the development mechanism of high-quality source rock and the enrichment process of shale oil and discussing existing deficiencies that require urgent attention. The Qaidam Basin is a saline lacustrine basin situated within a mountainous plateau, characterized by a complex hydrocarbon-generating organism composition that includes three primary categories: algae, bacteria, and higher plants. Notably, Botryococcusbraunii blooms under conditions marked by intermittent warm-humid climates and nutrient-rich diluted water column, demonstrating a clear responsive relationship with high-quality source rock development. The “relatively eutrophic”, “moderate salinity”, and “appropriately anoxic” environments promote elevated primary productivity alongside suitable preservation conditions that collectively enhance organic matter accumulation within the saline lacustrine basin.Saline lacustrine source rocks exhibit a characteristic “two-stage” hydrocarbon generation process; soluble organic matter generates oil during immature stages while kerogen produces oil during mature stages, thereby establishing a material foundation for shale oil enrichment from a sourcing perspective. Well-developed layered calcareous dolomite with favorable physical properties ensures large-scale shale oil accumulation from a reservoir standpoint. Diverse source-reservoir combinations dictate differential enrichment patterns of shale oil; specifically, integrated-type shale oils accumulate through self-generation and self-storage processes exhibiting high hydrocarbon contents, whereas differentiated-type shale oils rely on micro-migration for accumulation but display lower overall hydrocarbon contents despite possessing higher light component content.The sub-salt zone within the upper member of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation represents an essential stratum for developing high-quality source rock and serves as a critical layer for contemporary shale oil exploration and production. However, its thickness exceeds 1 200 meters, and it has become a focus of research to further pinpoint the sweet spot of shale oil. The distinctive formation background of the Qaidam Basin serves as a paradigmatic case for researching the development mechanism of source rocks and the enrichment process of shale oil under extreme water body circumstances. Numerous scientific challenges necessitate comprehensive investigation, including cycling pattern of lake nutrient elements under the condition of high-salinity water medium, the differential enrichment mechanism of organic matter in diverse salinization stages, the synergistic variation patterns between biological systems and environment and their influence on the quality of source rocks, the hydrocarbon generation process and reservoir formation model within extremely thick shale sequences and their dissimilarities, as well as the occurrence and enrichment mechanisms of shale oil associated with diverse source-reservoir combinations, etc. All these are of significant importance for further clarifying the development mechanism of shale sequences in the Qaidam Basin and facilitating the increase of reserves and production of shale oil.
咸化湖盆 / 优质烃源岩 / 页岩油 / 柴达木盆地 / 石油地质学.
saline lacustrine basin / high⁃quality source rock / shale oil / Qaidam Basin / petroleum geology
| [1] |
Aaronson, S., Berner, T., Gold, K., et al., 1983. Some Observations on the Green Planktonic Alga, Botryococcus braunii and Its Bloom Form.Journal of Plankton Research, 5(5): 693-700. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/5.5.693 |
| [2] |
Bao, J., Wang, Y. D., Song, C. H., et al., 2017. Cenozoic Sediment Flux in the Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibetan Plateau, and Implications with Regional Tectonics and Climate.Global and Planetary Change, 155: 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.03.006 |
| [3] |
Barbe, A., Grimalt, J. O., Pueyo, J. J., et al., 1990. Characterization of Model Evaporitic Environments through the Study of Lipid Components.Organic Geochemistry, 16(4-6): 815-828. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146⁃6380(90)90120⁃O |
| [4] |
Chen, S., Wang, H., Wei, J., et al., 2014. Sedimentation of the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation and Its Response to Regional Tectonics in the Qingxi Sag, Jiuquan Basin, NW China.Cretaceous Research, 47: 72-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2013.11.006 |
| [5] |
Chen, X. C., Wang, X. D., Wu, D. Y., et al., 2009. Seasonal Variation of Mixing Depth and Its Influence on Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Zeya Reservoir, China.Limnology, 10(3): 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201⁃009⁃0292⁃6 |
| [6] |
Chen, Z. L., Li, S. J., Zhou, G.J., 1992. Characteristics of Oil, Gas and Biomarkers Generated from the Pyrolysis of Modern Botryococcus Braunii. Lacustrine Petroleum and Geology, (1): 48-53 (in Chinese). |
| [7] |
Ding, X. J., Liu, G. D., Zha, M., et al., 2015. Relationship between Total Organic Carbon Content and Sedimentation Rate in Ancient Lacustrine Sediments, a Case Study of Erlian Basin, Northern China.Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 149: 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.11.004 |
| [8] |
Du, J. H., Hu, S. Y., Pang, Z. L., et al., 2019. The Types, Potentials and Prospects of Continental Shale Oil in China. China Petroleum Exploration, 24(5): 560-568 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [9] |
Fan,C.X.,Aiziki,M., 1997. Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions on Exchange of Nitrogen and Phosphorus across Sediment⁃Water Interface in Lake Kasumigaura. Journal of Lake Science, 9(4): 337-342 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [10] |
Fang, X. M., Galy, A., Yang, Y. B., et al., 2019. Paleogene Global Cooling⁃Induced Temperature Feedback on Chemical Weathering, as Recorded in the Northern Tibetan Plateau.Geology, 47(10): 992-996. https://doi.org/10.1130/G46422.1 |
| [11] |
Guo, G. L., Xu, J., Zhao, Y. J., et al., 2010. Effect of Salt Fluctuation on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Hydrilla Verticillata. Journal of Huaihai Institute of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 19(4): 83-86 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [12] |
Guo, P., Liu, C. Y., Gibert, L., et al., 2020. How to Find High⁃Quality Petroleum Source Rocks in Saline Lacustrine Basins: A Case Study from the Cenozoic Qaidam Basin, NW China.Marine and Petroleum Geology, 111: 603-623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.08.050 |
| [13] |
Guo, P., Liu, C. Y., Huang, L., et al., 2017. Genesis of the Late Eocene Bedded Halite in the Qaidam Basin and Its Implication for Paleoclimate in East Asia.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 487: 364-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.09.023 |
| [14] |
Guo, P., Liu, C. Y., Wang, L. Q., et al., 2019. Mineralogy and Organic Geochemistry of the Terrestrial Lacustrine Pre⁃Salt Sediments in the Qaidam Basin: Implications for Good Source Rock Development.Marine and Petroleum Geology, 107: 149-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.04.029 |
| [15] |
Guo, Z. Q., Long, G. H., Zhou, F., et al., 2023. Geological Characteristics and Resource Evaluation Method for Shale Oil in a Salinized Lake Basin: A Case Study from the Upper Member of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation in Western Qaidam Depression. Acta Geologica Sinica, 97(7): 2425-2444 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [16] |
Hao, W. X., Zhou, F., Chen, G., et al., 2023. Geochemical Characteristics and Their Differential Responses to Formation Mechanisms of the Paleogene and Neogene Source Rocks in Western Qaidam Basin. Natural Gas Geoscience, 34(10): 1855-1870 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [17] |
Hu, S. Y., Bai, B., Tao, S. Z., et al., 2022. Heterogeneous Geological Conditions and Differential Enrichment of Medium and High Maturity Continental Shale Oil in China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 49(2): 224-237 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [18] |
Hu, S. Y., Zhao, W. Z., Hou, L. H., et al., 2020. Development Potential and Technical Strategy of Continental Shale Oil in China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 47(4): 819-828 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [19] |
Huang, C. G., Li, Z. Y., Ni, X. L., et al., 2017a. Origin of Salt Minerals and Oil⁃Gas Geological Significance of E3 2 Reservoirs in Saline Lacustrine Basin of the Yingxi Area, Qaidam Basin. Geoscience, 31(4): 779-790 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [20] |
Huang, C. G., Chang, H. Y., Cui, J., et al., 2017b. Oligocene Sedimentary Characteristics and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Model in the Western Qaidam Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 38(11): 1230-1243 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [21] |
Huang, T. L., Zeng, M. Z., Qiu, X. P., 2016. Response of Water Quality of Zhoucun Reservoir during the Disappearance of Seasonal Thermal Stratification. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10(10): 5695-5702 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [22] |
Jiménez, C., Niell, F. X., 2003. Influence of High Salinity and Nitrogen Limitation on Package Effect and C/N Ratio in Dunaliella Viridis.Hydrobiologia, 492(1): 201-206. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024859819172 |
| [23] |
Jin, Q., Zha, M., 2000. Co⁃Sedimentation of Tertiary Evaporites and Oil Source Rocks in the Western Qaidam Basin. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 35(4): 465-473 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [24] |
Jin, Q., Zha, M., Zhao, L., 2001. Identification of Effective Source Rocks in the Tertiary Evaporate Facies in the Western Qaidam Basin. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 19(1): 125-129, 135 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [25] |
Jin, Q., Zhu, G. Y., 2006. Progress in Research of Deposition of Oil Source Rocks in Saline Lakes and Their Hydrocarbon Generation. Geological Journal of China Universities, 12(4): 483-492 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [26] |
Jin, Q., Zhu, G. Y., Wang, J., 2008. Deposition and Distribution of High⁃Potential Source Rocks in Saline Lacustrine Environments. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science), 32(4): 19-23 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [27] |
Katz, B. J., 2001. Lacustrine Basin Hydrocarbon Exploration-Current Thoughts.Journal of Paleolimnology, 26(2): 161-179. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011173805661 |
| [28] |
Kuang, L. C., Hou, L. H., Yang, Z., et al., 2021. Key Parameters and Methods of Lacustrine Shale Oil Reservoir Characterization. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 42(1): 1-14 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [29] |
Li, G. S., Wang, Y. B., Lu, Z. S., et al., 2014. Geo⁃ Biological Process of the Formation of Paleogene Lacustrine Source Rocks. Scientia Sinica Terrae, 44(6): 1206-1217 (in Chinese). |
| [30] |
Li, G. X., 2023. Accumulation Pattern and Producibility of Yingxiongling Shale Oil, Qaidam Basin (Dissertation). China University of Petroleum, Beijing (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [31] |
Li, G. X., Wu, K. Y., Zhu, R. K., et al., 2023a. Enrichment Model and High⁃Efficiency Production of Thick Plateau Mountainous Shale Oil Reservoir: A Case Study of the Yingxiongling Shale Oil Reservoir in Qaidam Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 44(1): 144-157 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [32] |
Li, G. X., Zhang, B., Wu, K. Y., et al., 2023b. Low Organic Matter Abundance and Highly Efficient Hydrocarbon Generation of Saline Source Rock in the Qaidam Basin, NW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 50(5): 898-910 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [33] |
Li, G. X., Zhu, R. K., Zhang, Y. S., et al., 2022. Geological Characteristics, Evaluation Criteria and Discovery Significance of Paleogene Yingxiongling Shale Oil in Qaidam Basin, NW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 49(1): 18-31 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [34] |
Li, H. B., Zhang, M., Zhang, C. M., et al., 2008. Geochemical Characteristics of Tertiary Source Rocks in the South Area of Western Qaidam Basin. Natural Gas Geoscience, 19(4): 519-523 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [35] |
Li, H. B., Zhang, M., Zhang, C. M., et al., 2010. The Characteristics of Thermal Maturity of Crude Oils from Tertiary System in the Southwestern Part of Qaidam Basin. Journal of Oil and Gas Technology, 32(1): 27-32, 12 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [36] |
Li, H. L., Zhang, Y. X., Zhou, Y. S., et al., 2020. Hydrocarbon Evolution Mechanism of High Quality Source Rock in Dongpu Sag. Fault⁃Block Oil & Gas Field, 27(2): 143-148 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [37] |
Li, Y., Qin, J., 2005. Comparison of Growth and Lipid Content in Three Botryococcus Braunii Strains.Journal of Applied Phycology, 17(6): 551-556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811⁃005⁃9005⁃7 |
| [38] |
Li, Z. X., Gao, Y., Wang, S. Y., et al., 2021. Phytoplankton Community Response to Nutrients along Lake Salinity and Altitude Gradients on the Qinghai⁃Tibet Plateau.Ecological Indicators, 128: 107848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107848 |
| [39] |
Liang, C., Jiang, Z. X., Cao, Y. C., et al., 2018. Sedimentary Characteristics and Origin of Lacustrine Organic⁃Rich Shales in the Salinized Eocene Dongying Depression. GSA Bulletin, 130(1-2): 154-174. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31584.1 |
| [40] |
Liang, C., Yang, B., Cao, Y. C., et al., 2024. Salinization Mechanism of Lakes and Controls on Organic Matter Enrichment: From Present to Deep⁃Time Records. Earth⁃Science Reviews, 251: 104720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104720 |
| [41] |
Liu, C. L., Li, H. H., Zhang, X., et al., 2016. Geochemical Characteristics of the Paleogene and Neogene Saline Lacustrine Source Rocks in the Western Qaidam Basin, Northwestern China.Energy & Fuels, 30(6): 4537-4549. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00269 |
| [42] |
Liu, H. M., Li, J. L., Liu, P., et al., 2022. Enrichment Conditions and Strategic Exploration Direction of Paleogene Shale Oil in Jiyang Depression. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 43(12): 1717-1729 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [43] |
Liu, J., Wang, J., Ma, X., et al., 2023. Pore Characteristics and Genesis of Shale Oil Sweet Spots in Saline Lacustrine Basins: A Case Study from the Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin. Acta Geologica Sinica, 97(3): 864-878 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [44] |
Liu, S. J., 2023. A Study on Differential Enrichment of Shale Oil in Lucaogou Formation, Jimsaer Sag (Dissertation). China University of Petroleum, Beijing (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [45] |
Liu, Y., Yao, S. P., Cao, J., et al., 2023. Bio⁃Environmental Interactions and Associated Hydrocarbon Generation in a Saline Lake Basin: A Case Study of the Palaeogene Interval in the Dongpu Sag, Eastern China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 241: 105465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105465 |
| [46] |
Long, G. H., Wang, Y. Q., Zhu, C., et al., 2021. Hydrocarbon Accumulation Conditions and Favorable Exploration Plays in Yingxiongling Structural Belt, Qaidam Basin. Lithologic Reservoirs, 33(1): 145-160 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [47] |
Lyu, B. F., Zhao, X. H., Zhou, L., et al., 2008. Cenozoic Sedimentary Migration in Qaidam Basin and Its Significance on the Dynamic Mechanism. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 26(4): 552-558 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [48] |
Ma, L. F., Liu, J. Z., Liu, X. Y., et al., 2015. Advances in Molecular Ecology of the Oil⁃Rich Microalga Botryococcus Braunii. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 35(10): 3165-3171 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [49] |
Menzel,D.W.,Ryther,J.H.,1970.Distribution and Cycling of Organic Matter in the Oceans. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, 31-53. |
| [50] |
Metzger, P., Largeau, C., 2005. Botryococcus Braunii: A Rich Source for Hydrocarbons and Related Ether Lipids.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 66(5): 486-496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253⁃004⁃1779⁃z |
| [51] |
Peng, D. H., 2004. Geology, Geochemical Characteristics and Mechanism of Hydrocarbon⁃Generating for Source Rocks from the Tertiary Salty lLacustrine Facies in the West Region of the Qaidam Basin (Dissertation). Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [52] |
Redden, A. M., Rukminasari, N., 2008. Effects of Increases in Salinity on Phytoplankton in the Broadwater of the Myall Lakes, NSW, Australia.Hydrobiologia, 608(1): 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750⁃008⁃9376⁃2 |
| [53] |
Sastri, A. R., Gauthier, J., Juneau, P., et al., 2014. Biomass and Productivity Responses of Zooplankton Communities to Experimental Thermocline Deepening.Limnology and Oceanography, 59(1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.1.0001 |
| [54] |
Sheng, J., Xue, S. T., Lyu, S. J., et al., 2025. Astrocycle Identification and High Sedimentation Rates Sedimentary Filling Response Characteristics in the Yingxiongling Shale of Western Qaidam Basin. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 44(1): 48-63 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [55] |
Song, G. Y., Zhu, C., Li, S. M., et al., 2022. Genetic Mechanism and Development Model of Lacustrine Hybrid Carbonate Reservoirs in the Western Yingxiongling Structural Belt, Qaidam Basin. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science), 46(3): 1-12 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [56] |
Tang, Y., He, W. J., Jiang, Y. Y., et al., 2023. Enrichment Conditions and Exploration Direction of Permian Saline Lacustrine Shale Oil and Gas in Junggar Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 44(1): 125-143 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [57] |
Wang, J. G., Zhang, D. W., Yang, S. Y., et al., 2020a. Sedimentary Characteristics and Genesis of the Salt Lake with the Upper Member of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation from Yingxi Sag, Qaidam Basin.Marine and Petroleum Geology, 111: 135-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.08.006 |
| [58] |
Wang, Q. F., Jiang, F. J., Ji, H. C., et al., 2020b. Effects of Paleosedimentary Environment on Organic Matter Enrichment in a Saline Lacustrine Rift Basin-A Case Study of Paleogene Source Rock in the Dongpu Depression, Bohai Bay Basin.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 195: 107658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107658 |
| [59] |
Wang, J. J., Shen, J., Zhang, L., et al., 2010. Sediment⁃Water Nutrient Fluxes and the Effects of Oxygen in Lake Dianchi and Lake Fuxian, Yunnan Province. Journal of Lake Sciences, 22(5): 640-648 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [60] |
Wang, T. G., Zhong, N. N., Hou, D. J., et al., 1996. Study on Early Hydrocarbon Generation Mechanism of Biological Lipids in Continental Lake Basin. Scientia Sinica Terrae, 26(6): 518-524 (in Chinese). |
| [61] |
Wang, W. T., Zheng, W. J., Zhang, P. Z., et al., 2017. Expansion of the Tibetan Plateau during the Neogene.Nature Communications, 8: 15887. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15887 |
| [62] |
Warren, J. K., 1986. Shallow⁃Water Evaporitic Environments and Their Source Rock Potential.Journal of Sedimentary Research, 56(3): 442-454. https://doi.org/10.1306/212F8940⁃2B24⁃11D7⁃8648000102C1865D |
| [63] |
Warren,J.K.,2011.Evaporitic Source Rocks: Mesohaline Responses to Cycles of “Famine or Feast”in Layered Brines.International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication,43:315-392. |
| [64] |
Warren,J.K.,2016.Evaporites:A Geological Compendium. Springer, Switzerland. |
| [65] |
Whitfield, A. K., Elliott, M., Basset, A., et al., 2012. Paradigms in Estuarine Ecology-A Review of the Remane Diagram with a Suggested Revised Model for Estuaries.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science, 97: 78-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.11.026 |
| [66] |
Xia, L. W., Cao, J., Xu, T. W., et al., 2017. Development Characteristics of Biologies in Saline Lake Environments and Their Implications for Hydrocarbon Source. Geological Review, 63(6): 1549-1562 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [67] |
Xia, L. W., Cao, J.,Bian, L.Z., et al., 2022. Co⁃Evolution of Paleo⁃Environment and Bio⁃Precursors in a Permian Alkaline Lake, Mahu Mega⁃Oil Province, Junggar Basin: Implications for Oil Sources. Scientia Sinica Terrae, 52(4): 732-746 (in Chinese). |
| [68] |
Xia, Z. Y., Liu, Z. G., Li, S. M., et al., 2017. Origin and Developing Model of Rock Salt: A Case Study of Lower Ganchaigou Formation of Paleogene in the West of Yingxiong Ridge, Qaidam Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 38(1): 55-66 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [69] |
Xing, H. T., Kuang, L. C., Wu, K. Y., et al., 2024. Lithofacies Characteristics and Favorable Source Rock⁃ Reservoir Combination of Yingxiongling Shale in Qaidam Basin. China Petroleum Exploration, 29(2): 70-82 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [70] |
Xing, L. T., 2022. Hydrocarbon Generation and Accumulation Characteristics of Tertiary Saline Lacustrine Source Rocks in the Western Qaidam Basin (Dissertation). Lanzhou University, Lanzhou (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [71] |
Xing, L. T., Xu, L., Zhang, P. Z., et al., 2022. Organic Geochemical Characteristics of Saline Lacustrine Source Rocks: A Case Study from the Yingxi Area, Qaidam Basin, China.Geochemistry International, 60(1): 92-108. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702921150015 |
| [72] |
Xiong, Y., Tan, X. C., Wu, K. Y., et al., 2021. Petrogenesis of the Eocene Lacustrine Evaporites in the Western Qaidam Basin: Implications for Regional Tectonic and Climate Changes.Sedimentary Geology, 416: 105867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2021.105867 |
| [73] |
Zhang, B., He, Y. Y., Chen, Y., et al., 2017. Geochemical Characteristics and Oil Accumulation Significance of the High Quality Saline Lacustrine Source Rocks in the Western Qaidam Basin, NW China. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 38(10): 1158-1167 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [74] |
Zhang, B., He, Y. Y., Chen, Y., et al., 2018. Formation Mechanism of Excellent Saline Lacustrine Source Rocks in Western Qaidam Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 39(6): 674-685 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [75] |
Zhang, C. J., Cao, J., Wang, Y. C., et al., 2022. Enrichment Law of Shale Oil of Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag, Junggar Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 43(9): 1253-1268 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [76] |
Zhang, J. M., Fu, Y. W., Tian, C. X., et al., 2021. Lithofacies Paleogeography and Genesis of Salt Rock in the Late Eocene of Western Qaidam Basin. Journal of Stratigraphy, 45(4): 545-553 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [77] |
Zhang, J. N., Zhang, J. G., Yang, Q. Z., et al., 2016. Characteristics and Genesis of Gypsum⁃Salt Rocks in Western Qaidam Basin. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 46(6): 866-876 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [78] |
Zhang, L. Y., Song, Y. T., Wang, G. L., et al., 2005. Chemical Composition Characteristics of Organic Matter in Lacustrine Source Rocks in Jiyang Depression and Its Petroleum Geological Significance. Chinese Science Bulletin, 50(21): 2392-2402 (in Chinese). |
| [79] |
Zhang, M. Z., Dai, S., Pan, S. Q., et al., 2023. Deciphering the Laminated Botryococcus⁃Dominated Shales in Saline Lacustrine Basin, Western Qaidam Basin, NW China: Implications for Shale Oil Potential.Marine and Petroleum Geology, 155: 106397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2023.106397 |
| [80] |
Zhang, R., Jin, Z. J., Zhu, R. K., et al., 2023. Investigation of Deposition Rate of Terrestrial Organic⁃Rich Shales in China and Its Implications for Shale Oil Exploration. Oil & Gas Geology, 44(4): 829-845 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [81] |
Zhang, S. M., Zhang, X. J., Wang, J. G., et al., 2022. Characteristics and Their Controlling Factors of Mixed Sediments in Saline Lakes: A Case Study of Lower Ganchaigou Formation in the Western Qaidam Basin. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 51(1): 160-173 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [82] |
Zhang, Y. D., Sun, Y. G., Xie, L. J., et al., 2011. Detection of High⁃Branched Isoprenoid Hydrocarbon (C25HBI) in Cenozoic Salt Lake Facies Source Rocks in Western Qaidam Basin and Its Geological and Geochemical Significance. Chinese Science Bulletin, 56(13): 1032-1041 (in Chinese). |
| [83] |
Zhang, Y. L., Xi, B. D., Xu, Q. J., 2011. Research on the Possibility of Using Salinity as Entrophication Criteria Indicator of Saline Lakes. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology, 1(3): 260-263 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [84] |
Zhao, S. S., Li, J. M., Liu, J. C., et al., 2022. Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction(TSR) and Reservoir Reformation of the Upper Paleogene Xiaganchaigou Formation in Yingxi Area, Qaidam Basin. Lithologic Reservoirs, 34(3): 66-74 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [85] |
Zhao, W. Z., Bian, C. S., Pu, X. G., et al., 2023. Enrichment and Flow Characteristics of Shale Oil in Typical Salinized Lake Basins in China and Its Significance for “Sweet Spot” Evaluation. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science), 47(5): 25-37 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [86] |
Zhao, Z., Bai, B., Liu, C., et al., 2024. Current Status, Advances, and Prospects of CNPC’S Exploration of Onshore Moderately to Highly Mature Shale Oil Reservoirs. Oil & Gas Geology, 45(2): 327-340 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [87] |
Zhou, F. Y., Peng, D. H., Bian, L. Z., et al., 2002. Progress in the Organic Matter Study of Immature Oils in the Qaidam Basin. Acta Geologica Sinica, 76(1): 107-113, 147 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [88] |
Zhou, T. X., Luo, W. L., Da, J., et al., 2022. Spatial Distribution of Bacterioplankton Community Composition and Their Diversity in Lake Fuxian during Thermal Stratification Period. Journal of Lake Sciences, 34(5): 1642-1655 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [89] |
Zhu, C., Liu, Z. G., Song, G. Y., et al., 2022. Sedimentary Model, Evolution and Distribution of Paleogene Lacustrine Carbonate Rocks in Yingxiongling Structural Belt, Qaidam Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 43(11): 1558-1567 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [90] |
Zhu, X. M., Wang, X. L., Zhang, M. Z., et al., 2024. Sedimentary Environments and Lithofacies Characteristics of Fine⁃Grained Sediments in Typical Continental Basins in China. Oil & Gas Geology, 45(4): 873-892 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
| [91] |
Zou, C. N., Pan, S. Q., Jing, Z. H., et al., 2020. Shale Oil and Gas Revolution and Its Impact. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 41(1): 1-12 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
国家自然科学基金项目(U23B20155)
国家自然科学基金项目(42102167)
国家自然科学基金项目(42172180)
中国石油科学研究与技术开发项目(2024DJ8702)
国家博士后研究人员计划项目(GZC20233111)
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |