巴西桑托斯盆地下白垩统湖相碳酸盐岩沉积差异及其主控因素
程涛 , 陶维祥 , 李丹 , 刘昕羽 , 张成
地球科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (12) : 4635 -4651.
巴西桑托斯盆地下白垩统湖相碳酸盐岩沉积差异及其主控因素
Depositional Differences and Main Controlling Factors of Lacustrine Carbonate Sediments in Lower Cretaceous of Santos Basin, Brazil
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巴西桑托斯盆地裂谷期(早白垩世巴雷姆期-阿普特期)发育世界级大型湖相碳酸盐岩,目前已在该领域获得大量的油气发现,是世界油气勘探的热点领域.碳酸盐岩发育程度是该盆地油气能否富集成藏的关键.钻井揭示该盆地裂谷期发育“两期两类”湖相碳酸盐岩:早期断坳转换期(巴雷姆晚期-阿普特期)Itapema(ITP)组贝壳灰岩和晚期坳陷期(阿普特中-晚期)Barra Velha(BV)组微生物礁灰岩.这“两期两类”湖相碳酸盐岩虽均为生物灰岩,但其成因机制和岩性组合差异较大,为厘清“两期两类”湖相碳酸盐岩沉积差异及发育主控因素,基于薄片、岩心、测井、地震等数据资料,对该盆地两类盐下湖相碳酸盐岩开展了系统的微观、宏观相结合的岩石学、沉积学研究.综合研究分析表明巴西桑托斯盆地下白垩统大型湖相碳酸盐岩发育主要受古地貌、古湖水盐度和古水体能量变化控制,其中古地貌控制了湖相碳酸盐岩储层沉积微相展布和发育程度,古水体盐度控制湖相碳酸盐岩岩石类型垂向演化,古水体能量变化和水深控制湖相碳酸盐岩微相平面变化.最终明确迎浪高能淡水环境为ITP组贝壳灰岩储层发育有利背景,而迎浪清浅的中-高能半咸水-咸水环境是BV组叠层石灰岩储层发育有利背景,这为寻找有利储层发育区带指明了方向,对巴西盐下湖相碳酸盐岩油气勘探具有实际指导意义.
The rift stage (Barremian-Aptian of the Early Cretaceous) of the Santos basin in Brazil is characterized by the development of world-class large-scale lacustrine carbonates deposition. At present, numerous oil and gas discoveries have been made in this field, making it a hot spot for global oil and gas exploration. The development degree of carbonate sediments is the key to the enrichment and accumulation of oil and gas in the basin. Drilling results reveal the development of “two phases and two types” of lacustrine carbonate sediments during the rift stage of the basin:shell limestone of Itapema (ITP) group in early fault-sag depression transition period (Late Barremian-Aptian) and microbial reef limestone of Barra Velha (BV) group in late sag depression period (Mid-Late Aptian). Although both of these “two phases and two types” lacustrine carbonate sediments are biogenic limestone, their genesis mechanisms and lithological combinations differ significantly. In order to clarify the sedimentary differences and main controlling factors of the “two phases and two types” lacustrine carbonate rocks, based on thin section, core, logging, seismic and other data, this paper conducts a systematic petrological and sedimentological study of two types of lacustrine carbonate sediments in the basin, combining micro and macro perspectives. Comprehensive research shows the development of large-scale lacustrine carbonate sediment in the Lower Cretaceous of the Santos basin in Brazil is mainly controlled by paleogeomorphology, paleolake water salinity and paleowater energy changes. Paleogeomorphology controls the distribution and development of sedimentary microfacies of lacustrine carbonate reservoirs, paleowater salinity controls the vertical evolution of lacustrine carbonate sediments types, and paleowater energy and water depth control the microfacies variation of lacustrine carbonate sediments. Finally, it was confirmed that the high-energy freshwater environment in the face of waves is a favorable background for the development of shell limestone reservoir in Itapema Formation, and the shallow medium-high energy semi saline-saline water environment in the face of waves is a favorable background for the development of stromatolitic limestone reservoir in Barra Velha Formation. This points out the directions for finding favorable reservoir development zones and has practical guiding significance for the oil and gas exploration in lacustrine carbonate rocks of Brazil.
湖相碳酸盐岩 / 沉积微相 / 主控因素 / 下白垩统 / 桑托斯盆地 / 石油地质.
lacustrine carbonate / sedimentary microfacies / main controlling factors / Lower Cretaceous / Santos basin / petroleum geology
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