塔里木盆地顺北地区干酪根碳同位素恢复及下寒武统玉尔吐斯组烃源岩生烃模式探讨
曹自成 , 云露 , 平宏伟 , 陈红汉 , 耿锋 , 韩俊 , 黄诚 , 吕海涛 , 蒋华山 , 刘永立
地球科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (12) : 4736 -4750.
塔里木盆地顺北地区干酪根碳同位素恢复及下寒武统玉尔吐斯组烃源岩生烃模式探讨
Reconstruction of Carbon Isotope of Kerogen in Shunbei Area, Tarim Basin and Discussions on Hydrocarbon Generation Model of Lower Cambrian Yurtus Formation Source Rock
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下寒武统玉尔吐斯组烃源岩已经被认为是塔里木盆地台盆区海相油气的主力烃源岩.目前对玉尔吐斯组烃源岩的认识主要基于野外露头和少量隆起区钻井岩心样品分析,而对斜坡和凹陷区烃源岩特征了解较少.理解玉尔吐斯组烃源岩干酪根碳同位素特征对于厘定烃源岩生烃机理及建立油气源对比关系具有重要的参考意义.通过对顺北地区不同断裂带原油和天然气样品开展详细的有机地化及碳同位素地球化学研究,在定量评价热成熟度对原油和天然气碳同位素影响的基础上,恢复了其初始碳同位素组成.利用油气形成过程干酪根与其生成油气组分的碳同位素分馏特点分别恢复了顺北地区奥陶系原油和天然气来源干酪根的碳同位素组成.结果表明:顺北地区生油干酪根碳同位素主要位于-32.3‰~-28.8‰,生气干酪根碳同位素主要位于-33.1‰~-29.8‰,原油和天然气主要来自以底栖藻类和浮游藻类混合生源为主的干酪根,其中原油还存在来自以浮游藻类为主要生源干酪根的贡献.偏轻的干酪根碳同位素特征表明顺北地区油气主要来自玉尔吐斯组烃源岩.根据成烃生物组合的变化,将玉尔吐斯组烃源岩划分为以浮游藻类为主要生源的生油型源岩(δ13C>-30‰)、以底栖和浮游藻类混合生源为主的油气兼生型源岩(-33.5‰<δ13C<-30‰)及以底栖藻类为主要生源的生气型源岩(δ13C<-33.5‰).随着烃源岩热成熟度的增加,早期以浮游藻类生油为主,而晚期底栖藻类生成油(主要为挥发油-凝析油)的贡献增加,从而导致早期生成油同位素偏重,而晚期生成油具有相对偏轻的碳同位素特征;同时,生油干酪根含量逐渐减小,而生气干酪根相对含量逐渐增加,导致烃源岩中干酪根总体碳同位素逐渐变轻.因此,不同烃源岩类型及不同生源干酪根差异生烃过程导致了玉尔吐斯组烃源岩生成的油气具有复杂的碳同位素特征(如储层原油族组分碳同位素倒转、烃源岩氯仿抽提物与干酪根碳同位素倒转等).研究结果可为塔里木盆地超深层油气相态预测提供新的约束.
The source rocks of the Lower Cambrian Yurtus Formation have been considered as the main source rocks of marine oil and gas in the Tarim Basin. Currently, the understanding of source rocks of Yurtus Formation is mainly based on the sample analysis in outcrops in the basin margin and drilling core samples in uplift areas of the basin, while the characteristics of source rocks in slope and depression areas are less understood. Understanding the carbon isotope characteristics of kerogen in source rocks of Yurtus formation is of great reference significance for determining the hydrocarbon generation mechanism of source rocks and establishing the correlation between oil and gas sources. In this paper, the organic geochemistry and carbon isotope geochemistry of Ordovician crude oil and natural gas samples from different fault zones in Shunbei area are studied in detail. Based on the quantitative evaluation of the influence of thermal maturity on carbon isotopes of crude oil and natural gas, the initial carbon isotope composition of crude oil and natural gas is reconstructed. The carbon isotopic composition of kerogen from crude oil and natural gas in Shunbei area was recovered by the fractionation between kerogen and oil and gas during hydrocarbon formation. The results show that the carbon isotopes of oil-derived kerogen are mainly in the range of -32.3‰ to -28.8‰, and that of gas-derived kerogen is mainly in the range of -33.1‰ to -29.8‰. The crude oil and natural gas are mainly derived from the mixed source of benthic algae and planktonic algae, and part of crude oils in the Shunbei area are also from the main source of planktonic algae. The light carbon isotope characteristics of kerogen indicate that the oil and gas in Shunbei area mainly come from the source rocks of Yurtus Formation. Based on changes in the assemblage of hydrocarbon forming organisms, the source rocks of Yurtus Formation are divided into oil-generating source rocks with planktonic algae as the main source (δ13C>-30‰), oil-gas generating source rocks with benthic and planktonic algae as the main source (-33.5‰<δ13C<-30‰) and gas-generating source rocks with benthic algae as the main source (δ13C<-33.5‰). With the increase of thermal maturity of source rocks, the early oil is generated by planktic algae, while the late oil (mainly volatile oil-condensate oil) contributes more, resulting in the early oil isotope is heavier, while the late oil has relatively light carbon isotope characteristics. At the same time, the content of oil source kerogen gradually decreases, while the relative content of gas kerogen (benthic algae) gradually increases, and the total carbon isotope of kerogen in source rocks gradually becomes lighter. Therefore, the different source rock types and hydrocarbon generation processes of kerogens from different sources leads to the complex carbon isotope characteristics of the oil and gas generated from the source rocks of Yurtus Formation (such as the reversal of carbon isotope of the components of the reservoir crude oil group, the reversal of carbon isotope between the chloroform extract of the source rock and kerogen, etc.). The research results can provide a new constraint for the prediction of ultra-deep oil and gas phase state in Tarim Basin.
超深层 / 玉尔吐斯组 / 烃源岩 / 碳同位素 / 热成熟度 / 天然气 / 石油地质.
ultra-deep formations / Yurtus Formation / hydrocarbon source rock / carbon isotope / thermal maturity / natural gas / petroleum geology
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