华北东部中生代高Mg#闪长岩与壳幔相互作用

辛梦荷 ,  汪浪 ,  刘传朋 ,  汪翔 ,  郑怡欣 ,  宗克清 ,  郭京梁 ,  汪在聪

地球科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (02) : 527 -546.

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地球科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (02) : 527 -546. DOI: 10.3799/dqkx.2025.195

华北东部中生代高Mg#闪长岩与壳幔相互作用

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North China Eastern Mesozoic High Mg# Diorites and Crust⁃Mantle Interaction

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摘要

华北东部在中生代时期发生了强烈的克拉通破坏,并伴随构造-岩浆-成矿活动. 在破坏峰期,鲁西-徐淮-大别等地区广泛发育了与同期铁铜金等多种金属成矿有关的高Mg#闪长岩. 尽管岩石成因已有大量研究,但是其空间分布规律与岩石圈演化之间的联系仍缺乏系统认识.选取华北东部为研究区,系统梳理总结了高Mg#闪长岩的岩相学、时空分布规律、Sr⁃Nd⁃Pb同位素特征,构建了大区域尺度纵向空间上的联系,探讨壳幔相互作用中岩石圈的演化过程,为研究区成岩成矿作用以及空间差异性提供重要基础. 这些高Mg#闪长岩具有一致的岛弧型微量元素特征及富集的Sr⁃Nd同位素特征,表明源区存在再循环地壳物质. 而且,Sr⁃Nd⁃Pb同位素存在空间的显著变化:自南向北,闪长岩(87Sr/86Sr) i 逐渐降低(0.711 7~0.704 3),εNdt)逐渐升高(-24.90~-1.77),表明了壳源物质对岩石圈地幔改造的程度从南到北逐渐减弱的趋势,支持三叠纪时期扬子大陆板块的俯冲对华北地幔的影响. 另一方面,低(87Sr/86Sr)i闪长岩具有低的(207Pb/204Pb)i和(208Pb/204Pb)i,与华北古老变质基底相似的Pb同位素,说明源区还存在华北古老地壳物质,可能与地壳拆沉有关. 因此,高Mg#闪长岩反映出华北东部岩石圈地幔自南向北受再循环物质(扬子地壳)改造程度逐渐减弱并伴随华北地壳拆沉,以及俯冲的扬子地壳和拆沉的华北古老地壳物质对地幔性质改造的不同程度贡献. 这也为更好的理解高Mg#闪长岩的形成、演化以及矿床的种类和分布规律提供了重要基础.

Abstract

Intense cratonic destruction occurred in the eastern part of the North China Craton(NCC) during the Mesozoic, accompanied by tectonic⁃magmatic⁃metallogenic activities. During the peak period of destruction, high Mg# diorites related to the coeval Fe⁃Cu⁃Au deposits were widely distributed in regions like Luxi⁃Xuhuai⁃Dabie. Although there have been many studies on the genesis of rocks, the connection between the spatial distributions of high Mg# diorites and the evolution of the lithosphere still lacks systematic understanding. This paper selects the eastern part of the NCC as the study area. It comprehensively sorts out and summarizes the petrography, temporal and spatial distribution patterns, and Sr⁃Nd⁃Pb isotopic characteristics of high Mg# diorites, establishes the vertical connection on a large regional scale, and explores the evolution process of the lithosphere in the crust⁃mantle interaction, providing an important basis for magmatic and mineralization processes as well as spatial differences. These high Mg# diorites have consistent island arc⁃like trace element characteristics and enriched Sr⁃Nd isotope compositions, indicating the existence of recycled crustal materials in the source region. Moreover, there are significant spatial variations in the Sr⁃Nd⁃Pb isotopes: from south to north, the (87Sr/86Sr)i of diorites gradually decreased (0.711 7~0.704 3), and the εNd(t) gradually increased (-24.90~-1.77), indicating a trend of decreasing influence of crustal materials on the mantle from south to north, which supports the influence of the subduction of the Yangtze continental Plate during the Triassic on the lithospheric mantle beneath the NCC. On the other hand, the low (87Sr/86Sr) i diorites have low (207Pb/204Pb) i and (208Pb/204Pb) i like those of the ancient metamorphic basement of the NCC, indicating that there are also ancient NCC crustal materials in the source, which may be related to the lower crust delamination. Therefore, the high Mg# diorites reflect that the degree of modification of the lithospheric mantle from south to north by recycled materials (Yangtze crust) gradually weakens, accompanied by the crustal delamination beneath the eastern NCC, and the relative contributions of the subducting Yangtze crust and the NCC ancient crust. This also promotes a better understanding of the formation and evolution of high Mg# diorites, as well as the types and distribution patterns of deposits.

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关键词

华北克拉通 / 高Mg#闪长岩 / 中生代 / 壳幔相互作用 / 成矿.

Key words

NCC / high⁃Mg# diorite / Mesozoic / crust⁃mantle interaction / mineralization

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辛梦荷,汪浪,刘传朋,汪翔,郑怡欣,宗克清,郭京梁,汪在聪. 华北东部中生代高Mg#闪长岩与壳幔相互作用[J]. 地球科学, 2026, 51(02): 527-546 DOI:10.3799/dqkx.2025.195

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0 引言

华北克拉通在中生代发生了剧烈减薄与破坏,早白垩世达到克拉通破坏峰期,并伴随大规模的岩浆作用以及爆发性金(-铜-铁)成矿活动(Wu et al., 2019Yang et al., 2021). 因此,华北地区成为研究克拉通破坏与成矿的热点区域. 古生代以来,华北克拉通经历了多期次的板块俯冲改造事件,主要包括北部古太平洋板块的俯冲碰撞、南部扬子板块与华北板块的陆陆碰撞等事件(赵子福和郑永飞, 2009; Zhu et al., 2012Wu et al., 2019Zheng et al., 2021). 在周围板块的挤压碰撞作用下,岩石圈地幔经历了多期次不同来源俯冲物质的交代改造,其物理化学性质产生显著变化而诱发大规模的地壳拆沉(Gao et al., 1998Zhang et al., 2004Wang et al., 2018Lan et al., 2019). 这也导致岩石圈发生剧烈减薄,对华北克拉通的构造格局产生了深远的影响(巫祥阳等, 2003; 田忠华等, 2022). 基于此构造背景,华北东部发育有大量的与多金属矿床紧密伴生的高Mg#闪长质岩石(Yang et al., 2003Jin et al., 2015; 郭军等, 2023),这些岩石成为研究中生代岩浆与成矿作用的理想对象.

高Mg#闪长岩具有高Mg#、Cr、Ni含量,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土(LREE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)以及Y,高Sr/Y等特点. 然而,对于这种特别的地球化学特征成因仍未有统一的认识,主要的争论在于其不同的岩石成因,主要包括:(1)拆沉下地壳来源的熔体在上升的过程中与地幔橄榄岩相互作用(Gao et al., 2004Xu et al., 2006aXu et al., 2008);(2)俯冲大洋板片的部分熔融(Wu et al., 2023);(3)加厚下地壳部分熔融(Atherton and Petford, 1993);(4)交代岩石圈地幔来源(宋明春等, 2020);(5)基性岩浆与酸性岩浆的混合(Zhang et al., 2013; 陈斌等, 2013);(6)幔源岩浆的分离结晶等模式(Yang et al., 2012). 尽管高Mg#闪长岩具有复杂的岩石成因,但是这类岩石记录了地幔以及地壳物质的信息,为我们研究壳幔相互作用提供了绝佳载体. 除此之外,全球尺度下,该类岩石还与大型斑岩型Cu⁃Au矿床的形成密切相关,也是建立壳幔相互作用与金属成矿联系的重要纽带.

华北东部地区沿跨岩石圈尺度的郯庐断裂带分布了大量同期(130~120 Ma)高Mg#闪长质岩石. 这些闪长岩高Mg#、Cr、Ni含量以及其中含有大量的地幔包体指示源区较深,可能来源于地幔(Xu et al., 2006b,2009). 结合它们的岛弧型微量元素和放射性的Sr⁃Nd同位素组成,认为其地幔来源受到强烈交代. 此外,通过研究发现Sr⁃Nd同位素存在空间的显著变化:自南向北,闪长岩的(87Sr/86Sr)i值逐渐降低(0.711 7~0.704 3),εNdt)值逐渐升高(-24.90~-1.77),进一步证明地幔不均一特征. 与高Mg#闪长岩同期且伴生的矿床主要包括铁铜金等多金属矿产,但是其成矿规模与分布存在一定的差异性. 从东南到西北,矿床类型大体上从Cu⁃Au矿向Fe矿转变. 造成上述差异性的原因目前尚不清楚. 以往的研究焦点主要集中在华北东部地区的金成矿研究,对矿床的成矿年代、矿床地质、成矿过程等研究较为深入,但是对于自北向南,闪长质岩石分布和Sr⁃Nd同位素的空间变化、Pb同位素特征与克拉通岩石圈演化之间的联系,以及对金属差异性成矿的影响研究仍存在不足. 本文选取华北东部中生代(鲁西-徐淮-大别地区)高Mg#闪长岩作为研究对象,根据新获取的部分地区数据,结合该区域已经发表的大量数据,通过对岩相及主微量元素、同位素数据等进行系统的梳理,理解高Mg#闪长岩的特征、形成及分布,为限定华北东部壳幔岩浆过程与岩石圈演化及其对成矿的意义提供了基础.

1 华北东部中生代闪长岩时空分布

1.1 高Mg#闪长岩的地球化学特征

高Mg#闪长岩是中国东部广泛出露的一种岩石,是一种特殊类型的中性侵入岩,属于闪长岩类,通常具有富Mg#的特征[ω(MgO)>4%;Mg#>45],常形成于特殊的构造背景下,例如俯冲板块断离、加厚或拆沉的下地壳以及陆陆碰撞带等构造背景(Xu et al., 2008Gu et al., 2013Liu et al., 2023). 对于揭示岩石圈壳幔相互作用与构造演化具有特殊的指示意义(白兴卫等, 2024). 高Mg#闪长岩的主要矿物组成为斜长石、角闪石、少量的黑云母、辉石,副矿物有磁铁矿、榍石、磷灰石等(Huang et al., 2008Huang et al., 2012Jia et al., 2016Guo et al., 2024). 高Mg#闪长岩的地球化学特征可以反映其形成时的地质条件. 它通常具有高Mg#、高Sr/Y、Cr、Ni含量,轻重稀土显著分异且亏损HFSE以及具有富集的Sr⁃Nd同位素组成(Huang et al., 2008Guo et al., 2024). 从地球化学特征可以看出,高Mg#、Cr、Ni含量能够反映幔源岩浆的特征,放射性同位素则显示出壳源物质的性质. 高Mg#闪长岩同时具有幔源和壳源物质的特性表明其岩石成因可能与壳幔相互作用有关.

1.2 高Mg#闪长岩的时空分布

整个华北东部在中生代时期岩浆活动广泛而强烈,形成了大量岩性不同的侵入岩与火山岩,该时期也是华北从挤压向伸展构造变化转折的峰期(翟明国等, 2003). 学者们认为华北东部中生代构造-岩浆-成矿事件可能是由扬子板块的俯冲碰撞和古太平洋板块俯冲所致(赵子福和郑永飞, 2009; Zhu et al., 2012; 李三忠等, 2018; Wu et al., 2019). 这些事件导致了在强烈的伸展构造背景下,华北克拉通岩石圈地幔物理和化学性质的转变,同时形成了高Mg#闪长岩及同期的基性岩脉(Li et al., 2020Wang et al., 2020).

高Mg#闪长岩的分布具有一定的时空规律,这与当时的地球动力学背景密切相关. 中生代时期高Mg#闪长岩的分布主要受控于当时的岩浆-构造活动,主要包括侏罗世和早白垩世两期,其中以早白垩世的岩浆活动最为剧烈. 区内侏罗世岩浆岩零星分布,主要为平邑地区的铜石闪长岩,徐淮地区少量分布,岩性以中酸性侵入体为主(胡华斌等, 2004; Xu et al., 2004bLan et al., 2012). 而早白垩世岩浆岩在空间上分布非常广,岩石类型也十分复杂,不仅包括各种类型的中生代侵入岩,还发育了一套高Mg#闪长质岩石(图1),从华北东部地区自西北向东南主要包括鲁西北部济南-邹平-淄博金岭等地区的辉长闪长岩-闪长岩(Xu et al., 2004bHuang et al., 2012Wang et al., 2018Guo et al., 2023);南部的莱芜矿山-金牛山-角峪-沂南铜井等地区的闪长岩-辉长闪长岩(许文良等, 2004; Xu et al., 2004b; 王永等, 2011; Lan et al., 2019Liu et al., 2023);徐淮地区的班井-利国-夹沟等地区的闪长岩(Xu et al., 2004; Xu et al., 2006a; Zhang et al., 2017; 产思维等, 2022)以及大别梅川-刘家洼-赤土岭等地区的闪长岩(赵子福和郑永飞, 2009; Jia et al., 2016). 鲁西地区从西北向东南,岩体岩性逐渐变化,大体上由基性岩向中酸性岩过渡. 除了上述空间上的变化,同位素年代学显示,早白垩世时期华北克拉通东部岩浆岩时代自西向东具有逐渐变年轻的趋势(杨进辉等, 2021).

1.3 典型岩体的地质特征

华北东部在多期次的俯冲碰撞的背景下形成了一系列典型的闪长质岩体,包括鲁西-徐淮-大别地区的邹平岩体、金岭岩体、铁铜沟岩体、班井岩体、利国岩体、夹沟岩体以及刘家洼岩体等,年龄集中在早白垩世(125~135 Ma) (图2). 同时,这些岩体也与同期多类型Fe⁃Cu⁃Au多金属矿床存在紧密的时空联系.

鲁西地区典型岩体为邹平岩体、金岭岩体和铁铜沟岩体,3种岩体均为杂岩体,依次分布于邹平县以南、淄博市东北部以及莱芜东南颜庄一带. 岩体主要受到断裂及褶皱构造的控制,呈岩墙或岩株产出(杨青亮, 2013). 主体为钙碱性系列的闪长质岩石,局部地区向辉长岩或石英二长岩演化. 部分岩体中发育有大量的深部来源的橄榄岩包体,指示其可能起源于深部地幔. 其中,金岭岩体的围岩为中奥陶统的灰岩和石炭-二叠系的砂岩和页岩,是良好的找矿标志(郭军等, 2023). 在金岭杂岩体与围岩地层接触带中发现多个铁矿床(点),矿床类型主要为矽卡岩型铁矿. 这些闪长岩与铁矿具有一致的形成时间(高继雷等, 2021).

班井岩体、利国岩体和夹沟岩体是徐淮地区典型的地质体,空间上均位于徐州市,岩体出露面积不一,利国岩体出露面积最广、班井岩体次之. 岩性主要为钙碱性闪长质到石英闪长质为主,浅成相为斑状结构. 岩体主要受NW向断裂构造控制,利国岩体叠加NE向断裂,形成交叉控岩-控矿构造(杨德彬等, 2008; Xu et al., 2009). 已经查明利国岩体存在Fe⁃Cu⁃Au多金属矿床,班井岩体存在Cu⁃Au多金属矿床,夹沟岩体虽然目前并未发现矿床,但其岩性较为单一,为二长闪长斑岩,并且其中含有丰富的地壳捕虏体(周群君等, 2014),是研究壳幔相互作用的良好对象.

刘家洼岩体和赤土岭岩体位于大别地区,两个岩体的位置相近,均位于安徽省太湖县,岩体出露面积小,侵位于片麻岩或大别杂岩体中. 通过对闪长岩中的锆石测年得到年龄约130 Ma(Huang et al., 2008). 除此之外,大别地区还存在其他的高Mg#闪长岩体,包括拂晓岩体、桥头集岩体等,部分岩体与Cu、Fe矿伴生.

华北东部不同地区分布有不同类型的闪长质岩石,它们与早白垩世伸展-减薄峰期同步,岩浆活动受到苏鲁-大别造山带伸展-走滑位移的影响. 所有岩体均受到断裂构造的控制,只是断裂的方向以及强弱程度不同,这种差异性为后期形成不同种类的矿床提供条件. 部分岩体含有丰富的深部来源的地幔包体,是研究深部地球动力学过程的绝佳对象.

2 岩石地球化学特征及意义

中生代高Mg#闪长岩广泛分布于鲁西-徐淮-大别地区(图1),不同地区的岩石地球化学特征也各不相同. 本文汇总了不同地区的中生代高Mg#闪长岩,选取具有代表性的岩体,包括邹平岩体、金岭岩体、铁铜沟岩体、班井岩体、利国岩体、夹沟岩体以及大别地区的部分岩体. 其中,邹平岩体和铁铜沟岩体为辉长岩,可以代表原始组分的信息. 将这些地区的岩体进行汇总整理,逐个分析岩体的地球化学特征并讨论其岩石成因,从而进一步理解岩石圈演化过程.

2.1 岩相学特征及其变化

华北东部高Mg#闪长岩的分布范围较广,从鲁西一直延伸到大别地区,其岩相上也存在一定的差别. 鲁西北部岩性以辉长岩-闪长岩为主,其中济南岩体、邹平岩体主体岩性为辉长岩. 邹平岩体主要为辉长岩杂岩体,包括侵入晚侏罗世的沉积序列和早白垩世青山组玄武质火山岩(Huang et al., 2012). 本次采集邹平地区的岩石类型为辉长岩,主要组成矿物为辉石和斜长石,两者解理发育,副矿物有磁铁矿和磷灰石等. 金岭岩体为杂岩体,该地区的岩石显示出从辉长闪长岩-二长闪长岩-石英二长岩的侵入序列(Lan et al., 2019),岩石类型为闪长岩,主要矿物为角闪石和斜长石,角闪石呈长柱状,自形程度高,副矿物为磁铁矿(图3). 金岭岩体存在有不同阶段的角闪石,早期角闪石为浅绿色,长柱状,自形程度高;晚期角闪石为暗褐色,呈溶蚀港湾状,自形程度差,表明金岭岩体具有一定的演化序列.

鲁西南部包含岩体较多,岩性较为复杂,主要包括闪长岩、辉石闪长岩和石英闪长岩等等(Xu et al., 2004b). 铁铜沟岩体是代表性岩体,岩石类型为辉长岩,堆晶结构,主要组成矿物为斜长石、辉石和黑云母,副矿物主要为磁铁矿(图3).

徐淮地区存在隐伏杂岩体,岩性有闪长玢岩、角闪闪长玢岩、二长闪长斑岩、石英二长闪长斑岩等(周虎等, 2019). 典型的地质体为班井岩体、利国岩体和夹沟岩体,这些岩体主要岩石类型为闪长斑岩,斑状结构,镜下可见大量大颗粒自形的斜长石和角闪石,斜长石具有明显的环带结构(图3).

大别地区存在闪长岩到花岗闪长岩的侵入系列,主要矿物为角闪石、斜长石、石英、黑云母及少量的钾长石,部分地区存在辉石,副矿物为磁铁矿、锆石和磷灰石(Zhang et al., 2013Jia et al., 2016). 整个华北东部中生代岩浆岩岩石类型十分复杂、岩石谱系宽而连续,从基性到中酸性岩石均有出露. 在岩石分类图解中可以看出,华北东部的岩石类型包含从辉长岩代表的基性岩石到花岗闪长岩代表的中酸性岩石. 华北东部的代表性岩体邹平岩体和金岭岩体均呈现出类似的演化序列(图4).

2.2 主微量元素特征及其变化

本文根据新获取的邹平岩体、金岭岩体、铁铜沟岩体和徐淮地区的班井、利国、夹沟岩体的主微量元素数据,结合前人已经发表的大量数据进行整理分析,讨论华北东部高Mg#闪长岩的主微量元素特征.

已有研究表明,区内闪长质岩石以高Mg#(44~81)和富钠(大部分岩体K2O/Na2O比值小于1)为共同特征. 其SiO2含量变化范围为48%~67%,MgO的含量变化范围为2%~19%,显示出不同的演化程度,金岭岩体存在明显的岩浆演化趋势(图5). 鲁西北部SiO2含量变化范围为51%~64%,MgO的含量变化范围为1.67%~10.2%,Mg#值较高,范围为48~81,仅存在一个较低的值(Mg#为41),整体上具有高Mg#特征. 其TiO2(0.56%~1.28%)、Al2O3(10.92%~18.82%)和 CaO(4.11%~9.65 %)范围变化最广且与MgO存在较好相关性,指示岩浆房经历了显著的矿物分离结晶. 鲁西南部地区Mg#值含量变化范围为48~84,与鲁西北部范围接近,同样显示出高Mg#的特征;Al2O3的变化范围为2.3%~17.0%,局部地区可能存在堆晶. 南部地区MgO变化范围比北部大,且值较高,存在比较原始的组分.

徐淮地区SiO2含量变化范围为55%~67%,MgO的含量变化范围为1.71%~8.15%,Mg#值含量变化范围为49~77. TiO2、Al2O3、CaO、Na2O和K2O含量主要变化范围为0.34%~0.83%、12.92%~17.57%、3.25%~7.33%、3.71%~6.56%、0.89%~3.07%. K2O/Na2O比值为0.17~0.63.

大别地区SiO2含量变化范围为53%~64%,MgO的含量变化范围为2.13%~7.35%,Mg#值含量变化范围为44~65. TiO2、Al2O3、CaO、Na2O和K2O含量主要变化范围为0.53%~0.97%、14%~19.35%、3.72%~6.25%、3.09%~4.43%、2.01%~3.67%. K2O/Na2O比值为0.45~1.04.

徐淮和大别地区TiO2和CaO含量范围变窄,Al2O3范围略高于鲁西地区,且自鲁西南部向南到大别地区K2O/Na2O比值逐渐升高,可能显示了自北向南钾质组分的逐渐增加.

在主量元素图解中,除铁铜沟岩体外,所有岩体的TiO2、CaO、P2O5与MgO均呈现出正相关关系,Al2O3、Na2O、K2O与MgO则呈现出负相关关系. 铁铜沟岩体的K2O与MgO基本无相关关系,而P2O5与MgO则呈现出负相关关系(图5). 除铁铜沟的辉长岩岩体外,研究区所有岩体的主量元素特征基本一致,均显示出可能存在辉石、角闪石等镁铁质矿物、含钛氧化物和磷灰石的分离结晶,并且铁铜沟岩体没有演化,代表原始岩浆的组分. 从鲁西北部往南到大别地区,岩石类型多且复杂,呈现出从基性到中酸性连续的演化序列:辉长岩-辉石闪长岩-闪长岩-二长岩-石英二长岩,并主要为亚碱性系列.

在微量元素蛛网图及稀土配分模式图中,所有岩体均具有富集轻稀土和K、Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素的微量元素特征(图6),整体呈现出岛弧型微量元素的特征. 但在球粒陨石标准化的稀土配分模式图上,铁铜沟岩体的轻重稀土分异不明显(图6).

在Mg#与Cr、Ni关系图中,大部分岩体Cr、Ni含量(Cr:150~619 μg/g;Ni:44~261 μg/g)明显高于地壳值(Cr:135 μg/g;Ni:59 μg/g)(Rudnick and Gao, 2003),显示其形成过程中有地幔物质的贡献(图7). 这种明显高于地壳值的Cr、Ni含量表明华北东部中生代高Mg#闪长岩可能起源于深部岩石圈地幔.

2.3 Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征及其空间变化

由于地壳物质具有放射性Sr⁃Nd同位素组成,岩浆上升演化过程中如果发生地壳混染,(87Sr/86Sr)i和εNdt)会随SiO2含量的增加分别升高和降低. 然而,高Mg#闪长岩(87Sr/86Sr)i和εNdt)与SiO2含量并未呈现出此相关性(图8),同时具有远高于地壳Cr、Ni含量. 这一特征表明岩浆受地壳混染影响甚微. 它们整体明显富集LREE和LILE,亏损HFSE元素以及具有富集的Sr⁃Nd同位素特征,高Mg#闪长岩的矿物学和岩石地球化学特征反映这些岩浆来自交代地幔源区. 前人研究的华北地区幔源基性岩浆与这些高Mg#闪长岩具有一致的岩石地球化学特征同时包含大量地幔包体,进一步支撑了富集岩石圈地幔起源的观点(Guo et al., 2003Huang et al., 2012; 庞崇进, 2015; Li et al., 2020).

研究发现,华北东部存在典型的地幔不均一特征. 在(87Sr/86Sr)i与εNdt)关系图解中,鲁西北部辉长岩和闪长岩落入EM1地幔源区,鲁西南部、徐淮地区、大别地区的闪长岩落入EM2地幔源区,不同地区的εNdt)值均具有较大的变化范围. 整个鲁西地区自东南到西北,空间上显示出(87Sr/86Sr)i比值降低(0.711 7~0.704 3),εNdt)值升高(-19.0~-1.77)的特征,这些特征与前人的研究结果相符(Huang et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2012; Deng et al., 2018). 大别地区的εNdt)值明显低于鲁西和徐淮地区(图9Zhao et al., 2011). Sr⁃Nd两端元混合模拟计算结果表明,鲁西北部地区高Mg#闪长岩Sr⁃Nd同位素特征可由华北古老岩石圈地幔与华北地壳物质混合形成,而鲁西南部、徐淮和大别地区的高Mg#闪长岩Sr⁃Nd同位素则是扬子地壳物质加入岩石圈地幔的结果.

Pb同位素能有效区分华北克拉通基底物质与扬子克拉通基底物质. 扬子克拉通地壳Pb同位素组成显著高于华北克拉通[(206Pb/204Pb) i 值高于17.80,(207Pb/204Pb) i 值高于15.50,(208Pb/204Pb) i 值高于38.00; 李曙光和杨蔚, 2002; 杨德彬等, 2008; 高明波等, 2022]. 华北东部中生代高Mg#闪长岩形成过程中有地壳物质的加入,对于这种地壳物质的来源,学者们持有不同的观点:部分学者认为它们来源于拆沉的华北陆块下地壳(Xu et al., 2008Yang et al., 2012);也有另一部分学者则认为它们来源于三叠纪时期大陆碰撞过程中的扬子陆块(Yang et al., 2012Xiong et al., 2021Li and Yan, 2022). 在(206Pb/204Pb)i⁃(208Pb/204Pb)i图解中(图10),所有样品均落在北半球参考线之上,鲁西大部分样品落入华北克拉通基底Pb同位素范围内,但是南部部分样品落入扬子克拉通基底范围内,表明鲁西地区可能既存在华北下地壳物质也存在扬子下地壳的物质. 徐淮地区大部分样品落入扬子克拉通基底Pb同位素范围内,岩浆源区含扬子克拉通基底物质. 这一结果也与Sr⁃Nd同位素模拟结果相耦合,进一步证实地幔源区中地壳物质的差异.

3 壳幔相互作用与扬子板块的俯冲响应

壳幔相互作用是指地壳和地幔之间的物质和能量交换,这一过程对地球的演化和岩石圈的动力学研究具有深远的影响. 前已述及,高Mg#闪长岩是一种Mg#值较高的中性侵入岩,其地球化学特征和同位素特征在壳幔相互作用的研究中具有重要意义,可以揭示壳幔相互作用的机制.

高Mg#闪长质岩石类型多样,包括高镁埃达克岩、赞岐岩、玻安岩、Bajaites high Mg andesites (HMA)等. 华北东部主要发育的岩石类型为高Mg#闪长岩. 与玻安岩相比,高Mg#闪长岩的MgO含量较低(玻安岩MgO>8%,而已搜集的华北东部地区除偏基性的铁铜沟辉长岩外,其余所有岩体MgO含量均<8%);与Bajaites HMA相比,其Sr含量较低(Bajaites HMA的Sr含量>1 000×10-6)(宋明春等, 2020). 华北东部高Mg#闪长岩的地球化学特征更接近于高镁埃达克岩和赞岐岩,其在Sr⁃Y图解中绝大多数样品点落在埃达克岩范围内,表现出埃达克岩的特征(图11). 学者们研究发现高镁埃达克岩和赞岐岩主要发育在俯冲板片的碰撞背景下(Gu et al., 2013Lan et al., 2019Wu et al., 2023),但是华北东部高Mg#闪长岩是在中生代伸展-裂解的构造背景下形成,它们具有与埃达克岩类似的地球化学特征,这为研究其岩石成因以及非弧环境下埃达克岩的形成提供了参考.

然而,华北东部地区高Mg#闪长岩的成因复杂多样,存在多种模型. 虽然有些学者认为其来源于俯冲大洋板片的部分熔融(Wu et al., 2023),或加厚下地壳的部分熔融(Atherton and Petford, 1993; 李承东等, 2004),但大部分学者用拆沉模式(Gao et al., 2004Xu et al., 2006a,2008)、交代岩石圈成因(宋明春等, 2020)、幔源岩浆分离结晶(Yang et al., 2012)或岩浆混合等模式(陈斌等, 2013;Zhang et al., 2013)来解释华北东部高Mg#闪长岩的岩石成因和岩石圈演化. 这些岩石受地壳混染影响较小,具有中等硅、高Mg#、富钠和相对高的Cr、Ni含量,富集的Sr⁃Nd同位素特征和岛弧型微量元素组成(图679). 其中鲁西北部具有低的(87Sr/86Sr)i值和相对高的εNdt)值的特征,呈现出受华北地壳物质交代的EM1型地幔源区的特征;鲁西南部、徐淮、大别地区具有高的(87Sr/86Sr)i值和相对低的εNdt)值的特征,呈现出受扬子地壳物质交代的EM2型地幔源区的特征(图9). 这种富集的同位素组成与俯冲大洋板片部分熔融产生的亏损特征不符(Defant and Drummond, 1990). 其他几个重要的成因模式均涉及到了壳幔相互作用,这表明壳幔相互作用对于研究高Mg#闪长岩岩石成因十分重要. 前面提到高Mg#闪长岩的地球化学特征与Stern et al.(1989)定义的由富集地幔直接熔融形成的赞岐岩类似,暗示富集地幔可能为主要源区. 结合放射性同位素特征认为华北东部高Mg#闪长岩均来源于受地壳物质交代的富集岩石圈地幔源,只是不同地区,华北地壳和扬子陆块的对交代组分的贡献比例不同.

华北东部中生代高Mg#闪长岩大多数样品点落入埃达克岩范围内,显示出高Sr/Y的特征(图11). 金岭岩体和铁铜沟岩体(Dy/Yb)N也明显高于MORB值,并且铁铜沟岩体的Mg#值变化不大,指示岩浆源区含有石榴石. 近同期的费县-方城高镁玄武岩的(Dy/Yb)N最高,远高于MORB值,进一步证明岩浆源区含石榴石(Gao et al., 2008). 此外,石榴石的结晶可以导致(Dy/Yb)N升高. 金岭岩体随着Mg#的降低,(Dy/Yb)N明显升高,暗示岩浆演化过程存在石榴石的分离结晶(图11). 尽管金岭岩体和铁铜沟岩体中并没有观察到石榴石的存在,但是微量元素特征暗示石榴石印记的存在可以代表母岩浆较大的来源深度. 无论是岩浆源区本身含有石榴石还是演化过程中石榴石的分离,这种差异也反映地幔的不均一性.

Sr⁃Nd⁃Pb同位素特征表明,华北东部中生代高Mg#闪长岩兼具华北和扬子的地壳信息,但不同壳源物质对地幔性质的影响不同:鲁西南部、徐淮和大别地区初始87Sr/86Sr值较高,εNdt)值变化范围较大,大别地区存在极低值(-24.90),这种强烈富集的现象可以用扬子大陆地壳物质的加入来解释. 并且越向南靠近,受扬子壳源物质的改造程度越大,与三叠纪时期扬子板块的俯冲方向一致(Dai et al., 2011Zhao et al., 2013);鲁西北部地区初始87Sr/86Sr值较低,εNdt)值整体要高于大别地区,位于陆内,表明其受扬子壳源物质影响较弱,该区域低(87Sr/86Sr)i的闪长岩具有低的(207Pb/204Pb)i和(208Pb/204Pb)i,与华北古老变质基底相似的Pb同位素说明源区存在华北地壳物质. 华北东部不同地区显示出不同壳源物质改造的特征,表明其存在大范围的空间差异性. 基于华北东部早白垩世不同地区Sr⁃Nd同位素分布图(图12),表明华北东部存在显著的地幔不均一性,这一结论与前人的研究相吻合(Deng et al., 2018; 汪浪等, 2024). 这种空间不均一性可能与岩石圈厚度也存在一定的关联. 学者们研究发现,华北东部自东南至西北向,岩石圈厚度存在逐渐减薄的趋势(Shi et al., 2013),这也与扬子板块俯冲方向以及对岩石圈地幔改造程度一致.

综上,由于华北克拉通曾遭受到多角度的俯冲作用,包括扬子板块的俯冲碰撞、古太平洋板块的俯冲等(Zhu et al., 2011). 在周围板块的挤压碰撞作用下,克拉通发生破坏,岩石圈厚度减薄(Chen and Zhou, 2005). 考虑到中生代时期华北克拉通的地质背景,认为高Mg#闪长岩所记录的壳幔物质信息反映了拆沉作用以及三叠纪时期扬子板块北向俯冲于华北陆块之下的地球动力学过程.

4 成矿启示

中生代时期,华北东部发生了大规模的成矿作用,形成了一系列的Fe、Cu、Au、Mo等金属矿床. 这些金属矿床与高Mg#闪长岩之间存在紧密的关联. 在时间上,这些矿床主要形成于早白垩世,与高Mg#闪长岩的形成时代一致,岩体的形成年龄可以代表成矿时代(Wang et al., 2014Zhang et al., 2017). 在空间上,高Mg#闪长岩与金属矿床伴生. 例如华北东部的矽卡岩型铁矿在时空上与高Mg#闪长岩体紧密伴生,矿体赋存在早白垩世高Mg#闪长侵入岩与奥陶系马家沟组灰岩接触带附近(陈应华等, 2017).

学者们通过对脉石矿物中流体包裹体的H⁃O⁃C⁃S同位素研究发现,中生代岩浆流体与成矿流体具有相似的同位素组成,表明同期岩浆对成矿具有贡献. 华北东部中生代时期的矿床类型主要为热液型、斑岩型和矽卡岩型. 这3种类型矿床的形成都与闪长质岩浆所提供成矿物质有关. 其中矽卡岩型矿床是闪长质岩浆通过结晶分异作用或岩浆脱水形成的流体与围岩反应的结果,成矿物质主要来源于闪长质岩浆. 而斑岩型金属矿产则是中酸性岩浆在地壳浅部侵位时脱水形成的成矿流体与围岩相互作用的结果(杨进辉等, 2021). 因此,华北东部中生代各类矿床的形成与高Mg#闪长岩之间存在紧密的成因联系.

不同于以往的挤压的构造背景,华北东部中生代矿床是在早白垩世伸展-裂解的背景下形成的. 在此构造背景下,华北东部发育了大量的多金属矿床,以鲁西地区最为典型(Jin et al., 2015). 从空间上看,华北东部的矿床类型似乎存在一定的分布规律. 鲁西北部的金岭岩体和矿山岩体与Fe矿有关,鲁西南部的铜石岩体和铜井岩体与Au矿床有关,铁铜沟岩体与Fe⁃Cu⁃Au多金属矿床有关. 徐淮地区的利国岩体与Fe⁃Cu⁃Au多金属矿床有关,班井岩体与Cu⁃Au矿床有关. 从西北到东南,矿床类型大体从Fe矿向Cu⁃Au多金属矿床转变. 这种空间规律似乎与华北东部的地幔源区的性质相吻合. 前已述及,华北东部为富集的岩石圈地幔,但是这种富集程度存在空间差异性. 从空间上看,EM1型的地幔源区主要包括Fe矿,EM2型的地幔源区主要包括Au矿和Fe⁃Cu⁃Au多金属矿床,但也存在Fe矿的分布. 地幔源区的地球化学性质的差异性是否是造成其成矿差异性还需要进一步研究.

中生代时期华北克拉通处于岩石圈减薄的伸展构造背景下,这种地质背景容易发育断裂构造,为深部岩浆的上升及所携带的成矿流体提供通道. 特别是那些跨岩石圈尺度的大型构造断裂带,例如华北东部的郯庐断裂带,它们一方面为地幔来源的岩浆提供了迁移和演化的通道,另一方面其两侧的次级断裂带也为成矿热液流体提供了运输和沉淀的空间(Meng et al., 2020Zhao et al., 2020; 汪在聪等, 2021). 华北东部不同地区断裂构造的规模、大小、方向也存在不同. 此外,部分学者研究发现华北东部地区地壳厚度也存在变化,自东南向西北,岩石圈厚度逐渐减薄(Shi et al., 2013). 无论是EM1型地幔源区还是EM2型地幔源区都可以成矿,只是矿床的类型和规模存在差异,这可能是由于地壳厚度和断裂构造的差异造成不同地区的演化路径存在差异.

综上所述,高镁闪长岩与成矿之间存在紧密的成因联系,所有矿体均是在壳幔相互作用下产生的,因此高镁闪长岩是一个良好的找矿标志. 华北东部不同地区如何形成不同类型和不同规模的矿产可能与闪长质岩浆的演化路径存在一定的关联,目前具体过程和机制仍不清楚,需要未来进一步的探讨研究.

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基金资助

国家重点研究发展计划(2023YFF0804200)

国家自然科学基金项目(42273023)

中国地质大学武汉教学实验室开放基金(SKJ2024001)

深地国家科技重大专项(2025ZD1007202)

受五矿勘查开发有限公司科技专项(WKKC⁃2024⁃YF01)

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