干旱沉积背景含铀岩系砂岩型铀矿成矿特殊性与找矿方向
焦养泉 , 吴立群 , 陶振鹏 , 乐亮 , 彭虎 , 向尧 , 钟伟辉 , 李金辉 , 张成成 , 白文浩 , 王建英 , 罗排龙
地球科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (5) : 2024 -2046.
干旱沉积背景含铀岩系砂岩型铀矿成矿特殊性与找矿方向
Metallogenic Specificity and Prospecting Directions of Sandstone⁃Type Uranium Deposits in Uranium⁃Bearing Series in Arid Depositional Background
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最近十多年来,我国砂岩型铀矿勘查的目标层位由早期的灰黑色含铀岩系逐渐转变为红杂色含铀岩系.由于两者形成发育的沉积古气候悬殊,从而造成了含铀岩系还原能力的极大差异,并进而从“基因”上影响了区域层间氧化带的发育规模,直接制约对远景区和找矿靶区的预测.鉴于此,笔者结合多个沉积盆地系列干旱沉积背景含铀岩系的研究,在含铀岩系类型划分的基础上,以温暖潮湿沉积背景含铀岩系作为参照物,系统总结了红杂色含铀岩系的基本特征和铀成矿规律,并提出了关键科学问题和勘查预测建议.研究认为,沉积古气候通过与古环境的耦合直接影响含铀岩系的有机还原介质丰度,并进而制约铀成矿,因此有必要依据深时古气候和古环境将含铀岩系划分为灰黑色和红杂色两种极端类型.研究发现,两种极端类型的含铀岩系具有本质区别,红杂色含铀岩系在制约铀成矿方面具有两个重要特征:一是总体缺少有机还原介质,TOC、S全和FeO含量均较低;二是铀储层砂体的岩石地球化学类型更加复杂多样.由于缺少有机还原介质,铀储层中的无机还原介质充当了铀成矿的重要角色,它们在铀储层中的成因演化和分布规律均有章可循.另外,由沉积相变而形成的铀储层外部还原介质也可以弥补内部还原能力的不足,而且对区域层间氧化带和铀成矿的空间定位起到决定性作用——沉积相变优先控矿.红杂色含铀岩系的后生氧化蚀变看似“微弱”且不易识别,主要表现为条带状、斑点状和灰白色氧化,氧化带是后生氧化与原生氧化的叠加复合,其规模宏大,通常可以延伸至盆地腹地.红杂色含铀岩系隶属新类型含铀岩系,业界亟待探索无机还原介质成矿机理、建立无机还原介质评价的环境参数标准、总结原生与后生氧化作用的识别标志.在铀矿勘查预测中,不仅需要准确定位整装灰色还原地质体、正确识别“弱”氧化带,还要打破常规进入盆地腹地开展预测评价.
Over the past decades, the target strata for sandstone-type uranium exploration in China have gradually shifted from early grayish-black uranium-bearing series to reddish-variegated uranium-bearing series. Due to the significant differences in the sedimentary paleoclimates in which these two types formed and developed, there is a substantial variation in the reducing capacity of the uranium-bearing series, which in turn fundamentally affects the scale of regional interlayer oxidation zones, directly restricting the prediction of prospective areas and prospecting targets. In light of this, in this paper, based on the study of uranium-bearing series in arid depositional backgrounds across multiple sedimentary basins, and using uranium-bearing series with warm and humid depositional background as a reference, it systematically summarizes the basic characteristics and uranium mineralization patterns of reddish-variegated uranium-bearing series, and proposes key scientific issues and exploration prediction suggestions. The study suggests that sedimentary paleoclimate, through its coupling with the paleoenvironment, directly affects the abundance of organic reducing media in uranium-bearing series, thus restricting uranium mineralization. Therefore, it is necessary to classify uranium-bearing rock series into two extreme types: grayish-black and reddish-variegated, based on sedimentary paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. The two extreme types of uranium-bearing series are fundamentally different. The reddish-variegated uranium-bearing series has two important characteristics that restrict uranium mineralization: firstly, an overall lack of organic reducing media, with low contents of TOC, Stotal, and FeO; secondly, more complex and diverse lithogeochemical types of uranium reservoir sand bodies. Owing to the lack of organic reducing media, inorganic reducing media in uranium reservoirs play a significant role in uranium mineralization, and their genetic evolution and distribution patterns are well-documented. Furthermore, external reducing media formed by sedimentary facies changes can compensate for insufficient internal reducing capacity and play a decisive role in the spatial positioning of regional interlayer oxidation zones and uranium mineralization-sedimentary facies changes preferentially control mineralization. The epigenetic oxidation alteration of the reddish-variegated uranium-bearing series appears “weak”, mainly manifested as banded, spotted, and grayish-white oxidation. Being large in scale, the oxidation zones are a superposition of secondary and primary oxidation, and often extend into the hinterland of the basin. The reddish-variegated uranium-bearing series belongs to a new type of uranium-bearing series, and there is an urgent need to explore the ore-controlling mechanism of inorganic reducing media, establish environmental parameter standards for evaluating inorganic reducing media, and summarize the identification marks of primary and epigenetic oxidation. In uranium exploration and prediction, it is not only necessary to accurately locate the integral gray reducing geological body and correctly identify the “weak” oxidation zone, but also to break with convention and enter the hinterland of the basin to carry out prediction and evaluation.
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