1.Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution,College of;Environmental Science and Engineering,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China
2.General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design,MWR,Beijing 100120,China
3.Beijing Guohuan Tsinghua Environmental Engineering Design & Research Institute Co. Ltd. ,Beijing 100084,China
Objective A calculation method for horizontal ecological protection compensation standards within the Yangtze River basin was evaluated and established in order to provide a scientific basis for promoting the protection of water resources, restoration of the water ecological environment, and sustainable development of the economy and society within the basin. Methods Firstly, the value of ecosystem services provided by water resources in the Yangtze River basin during 2010—2020 were calculated using water surface area and a modified equivalent factor table. Secondly, the freshwater and water pollution ecological footprints and carrying capacities across the basin regions were estimated to evaluate water resource overload status. Finally, using the watershed-wide water resource ecological overload coefficient as a baseline, the identities of the compensation individuals and objects in each region were defined. Based on the theory of public goods attributes and externalities, the theoretical amount and lower-limit value of ecological protection compensation in each region were estimated by combining the water resource ecosystem service value. Results ① From 2010 to 2020, the value of ecosystem services from water resources in the Yangtze River basin increased annually to 1.17×1012,1.18×1012, 1.19×1012 yuan. ② From 2010 and 2020, the freshwater ecological footprint of the Yangtze River basin first increased and then decreased, whereas the water pollution ecological footprint continued to increase. Based on the concept of ecological carrying capacity, the basin did not experience an overload during the study period. However, water supply-demand gaps were observed in regions such as Shanghai, Jiangsu City, and Henan Province. ③ During the study period, Qinghai, Xizang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian Province (autonomous regions) were consistent ecological protection compensation recipients, whereas Anhui, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Henan, Jiangsu Province, and Shanghai City were consistently compensation payers. The compensation amounts paid by the payer regions were within the scope of their general fiscal budgets and exhibited a year-on-year decline. Conclusion In the proposed calculation model, water ecology, water resources, and socio-economic development are closely integrated. It can provide a scientific and rational entry point and exemplar for water resource protection, water ecology maintenance, and the formulation of ecological compensation standards across the Yangtze River basin. It is expected to promote the continuous and in-depth development of ecological protection compensation work for first-level river basins in China.
文献参数: 马茗远, 张浩然, 赵钟楠, 等.基于水资源利用的长江流域横向生态保护补偿标准研究[J].水土保持通报,2025,45(4):304-315. Citation:Ma Mingyuan, Zhang Haoran, Zhao Zhongnan, et al. Inter-provincial ecological compensation standards in Yangtze River basin from perspective of water resource utilization [J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2025,45(4):304-315.
表1中,Nij 表示长江流域第i研究区第j年NPP调节系数, NPP ij 表示长江流域第i地区第j年植被净初生产力, 表示全国第j年平均值。Rij表示长江流域第i研究区第j年PRE调节系数, PRE ij 表示长江流域第i地区第j年PRE调节因子, 表示全国第j年平均值。Sij 表示长江流域第i研究区第j年土壤保持量调节系数, SC ij 表示长江流域第i地区第j年土壤保持量, 表示全国第j年平均值,土壤保持量由RUSLE修正通用方程计算得到[11]。
式中:EF w 为淡水资源生态足迹(hm2); Z为人口数; ef w 为人均用水生态足迹(hm2/人); γw 为水资源的全球均衡因子(5.19); WT 为流域内用水量(m3);Pw 为水资源全球平均生产能力(3 140 m3/hm2);EF cw 为水污染生态足迹(hm2); ef Iw 为人均水污染生态足迹(hm2/人); Pc 单位面积水域对污水的平均消纳量(365 t/hm2)[14]; WI 为流域内用水量(m3); µ为流域修正因子,流域内面积与地级市面积比值。
以2010—2020年为时间序列,对长江流域各省级行政区水资源生态系统服务价值进行计算(图1)。结果显示湖北省的水资源生态系统服务价值最高,为2.43×1012~2.57×1012元,占总ESV w 的20.36%~21.95%;其次为青海省和湖南省,分别占流域总ESVw的16.40%~16.80%和12.69%~12.83%;福建及广东省的ESVw最低,占比不到流域总ESVw的0.01%。由此可以看出,长江流域的主要水生态功能和水资源生态系统服务集中在上游和中游地区。湖北省作为长江流域唯一一省流程超过1 000 km的省份,其境内长江、汉江、清江等相继交汇,形成了中国最大的江河湖泊复合生态系统[22]。
研究发现,随着城镇化进程的推进和水资源开发利用强度的增加,湖北地区的湖泊湿地面积缩减,生态功能退化,导致该省的水资源生态系统服务价值下降。因此,亟需加强湿地保护、生态修复和污染治理工作,以减缓生态系统服务功能的下降趋势。青海省在研究区范围内拥有广阔的水域面积,流域面积达到1.68×105 km2,每年向中下游输送1.79×1010 m3以上的优质水资源。湖南省不仅水资源充沛,还在水资源管控层面持续推进,包括《水功能区管理办法》《湖南省湘江保护条例》及“‘一湖三水’岸线保护与利用规划”等,显著强化了水资源的管理和保护,保持了水资源生态系统服务的输出能力。然而,福建省与广东省在长江流域的水域面积极为有限,仅为0.35 km2,这种局限性直接影响了流域内该区域的水资源生态系统服务价值,虽然这些区域对流域整体水资源服务价值的贡献有限,但其ESV w 的稳定性也表明该区域内的水域生态系统功能得到了较好的维持。
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