Objective The differentiated ecological compensation of cultivated land in Chinese provinces were analyzed, in order to provide a reference for promoting the realization of the ecological product value of cultivated land and ensuring the sustainable utilization of cultivated land resources. Methods An improved equivalent factor method was adopted to comprehensively assess the ecological product values of dryland, paddy field, and irrigated land in China and each province. Based on the average non-market ecological product value of national cultivated land, the inter-provincial horizontal ecological compensation standard for cultivated land is determined. Based on the non-market ecological product values of dryland, paddy field, and irrigated land in each province, the government payment capacity index was introduced to determine the intra-provincial vertical ecological compensation standards for dryland, paddy field, and irrigated land within the provinces. Results The ecological product values of dryland,paddy field,and irrigated land in China were 11 386.40,11 045.66,and 11 216.03 yuan/hm²,respectively.The inter-provincial horizontal ecological compensation standard for cultivated land was 7 492.08 yuan/hm²; The ecological compensation standards for dry land in 28 provincial regions ranged from 3 293.35 yuan/hm² (Guizhou) to 15 741.81 yuan/hm² (Jiangsu). The ecological compensation standards for paddy fields in 25 provincial regions ranged from 2 911.51 yuan/hm²(Guizhou) to 19 557.56 yuan/hm²(Shanghai).The ecological compensation standards for irrigated land in 20 provincial regions ranged from 3 126.82 yuan/hm² (Gansu) to 16 717.06 yuan/hm² (Beijing). Conclusion Cultivated land holds significant ecological product value, and ecological compensation serves as an important means to realize this value. This study proposes a dual-level ecological compensation framework of “inter-provincial horizontal + intra-provincial vertical”, which considers both responsibility sharing for cultivated land ecological protection across provinces and differentiated measures for different types of cultivated land within provinces. The findings can provide a quantitative basis for the government to formulate differentiated ecological compensation policies for cultivated land.
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