Objective The mechanism by which new quality productive forces promote industrial structure upgrading and empower the green economic efficiency of resource-based cities was investigated in order to provide theoretical reference and policy support for promoting regional green transformation and high-quality development. Methods The green economic efficiency of resource-based cities from 2006 to 2022 was measured based on the super-SBM model. Kernel density estimation and Theil index decomposition method were used to examine the spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics and evolution process of green economic efficiency in resource-based cities, and a panel regression model was employed to analyze the impact of new quality productive forces on green economic efficiency. Results ① The green economic efficiency of resource-based cities was bounded by 2012, showing a trend of first increasing and then slightly decreasing, and it maintained a fluctuating upward trend at a low level after 2015. ② Resource-based cities showed significant regional differences in green economic efficiency, and these differences continued to expand, mainly due to significant internal differences within the four regions of northeastern, central, western, and eastern China. Cities with high and low efficiency exhibited significant spatial agglomeration, and the green economic efficiency of resource-based cities across different city life cycles showed the pattern of ‘growth type > mature type > regeneration type > decline type’. ③ New quality productive forces had a significant positive impact on the green economic efficiency of resource-based cities, and this impact exhibited heterogeneity across the four major regions, cities with different life cycles, and cities with different levels of resource endowment. Conclusion By promoting the decoupling of resource endowments in resource-based cities, advancing the optimization and upgrading of industrial structures, and vigorously developing green technologies, the empowering role of new quality productive forces in green economic development can be effectively enhanced, thus providing an important pathway for achieving high-quality and sustainable regional economic development.
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