1.College of Desert Science and Engineering,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot,Inner Mongolia 010018,China
2.Yinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-Hydrology National Observation and;Research Station,China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,Beijing 100038,China
3.Institute of Water Resources for Pastoral Area,Ministry of Water Resources,Hohhot,Inner Mongolia 010020,China
Objective The effects of ecological restoration durations on rill erosion characteristics and the evolution of soil physicochemical properties on dump slopes of open-pit coal mines were systematically investigated in order to examine the relationships between rill erosion characteristics and soil physicochemical properties and provide theoretical reference for ecological restoration and soil and water conservation in mining areas. Methods Typical dump slopes of open-pit coal mines were selected as the research objects, and five slope plots with different restoration durations were selected. A space-for-time substitution approach was adopted to investigate changes in soil physicochemical indicators and morphological indicators of rill erosion, including rill density, width-to-depth ratio, dissection degree, erosion amount, and the influence of soil physicochemical properties on rills. Results Erosion intensity was most severe in the early stage of restoration and gradually decreased in later stages. The erosion modulus decreased from 11 597.57 t/(km²·a) at 1 year of restoration to 5 658.24 t/(km²·a) at 12 years. With increasing restoration durations, rill density and dissection degree increased significantly, indicating that although control measures did not completely suppress the expansion of the rill network, they effectively reduced the erosion intensity. The rill width-to-depth ratio decreased by 21.50% over 12 years, and the morphology changed from wide-shallow to narrow-deep. In terms of soil properties, the early restoration stage was characterized by fine particle loss and coarse particle enrichment. With increasing restoration duration, surface soil bulk density decreased, while porosity and saturated water-holding capacity significantly increased. Organic matter and available nutrient content reached their peak at 8 years of restoration and then stabilized. Conclusion During the restoration process of dump slopes, soil bulk density is a key factor affecting the erosion modulus, while soil structure and nutrients provide important support for erosion resistance.
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