Objective The carbon storage and distribution patterns of three typical windbreak and sand-fixing shrub forests at the eastern margin of Kubuqi Desert were investigated in order to provide a scientific basis for evaluating carbon sink functions in desert ecosystems and formulating ecological restoration strategies in western China. Methods Taking Caragana korshinskii, Salix cheilophila, and Corethrodendron fruticosum shrub forests in the Zhandanzhao area of Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, as research subjects, and combining field investigation with experimental analysis, this study systematically revealed the carbon density and its influencing factors in windbreak and sand-fixing shrub forest ecosystems on the eastern edge of the Kubuqi Desert. Results ① In windbreak and sand-fixing shrub forests, C. korshinskii exhibited the highest carbon density, followed by S. cheilophila and C. fruticosum, with increases of 157.71%, 102.40%, and 24.82%, respectively, compared to non-afforested sandy land. The soil layer served as the primary carbon pool, contributing 89.1%~96.0% of the ecosystem carbon density.② In the three types of windbreak and sand-fixing shrub forests, carbon density in C. korshinskii and S. cheilophila followed the sequence: roots > branches > leaves, with roots accounting for 68.75% and 45.72%, respectively. In contrast, C. fruticosum showed the pattern: branches > roots > leaves, with branches contributing 48.47% and roots 40.49%. ③ Regarding soil carbon density, carbon density in C. korshinskii and S. cheilophila ecosystems concentrated predominantly in the 0—20 cm surface layer and decreased with soil depth, while C. fruticosum and non-afforested sandy land showed higher concentrations in middle and lower layers (20—60 cm). ④ Correlation and redundancy analyses identified soil total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (AP) as the key driving factors influencing carbon density in shrub ecosystems on the eastern edge of the Kubuqi Desert. Conclusion For the establishment of windbreak and sand-fixing shrub forests, selecting C. korshinskii is more effective for enhancing ecosystem carbon storage, and nitrogen fertilization should be applied to windbreak and sand-fixing shrub forests during afforestation.
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