Objective The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics, coupling coordination relationship, and driving factors of ecosystem services and human well-being in arid oasis regions were analyzed in order to provide a scientific basis for synergistically promoting ecological governance and livelihood improvement in arid regions. Methods Taking Suzhou District, a typical arid oasis in Jiuquan City, Gansu Province, as the study area, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals framework, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment system, and the functional structure of human well-being in China were integrated. Ecosystem service value accounting, a coupling coordination degree model, a random forest algorithm, and a geographically and temporally weighted regression model were used. Results ① During the study period, ecosystem service value in Suzhou District showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, declining from 8.96×109 yuan in 2003 to 8.24×109 yuan in 2013 and then rising to 8.32×109 yuan in 2023, with regulating services constituting the main component of ecosystem service value. The human well-being index increased significantly from 0.28 to 0.51, and the development function represented by per capita GDP and public services showed the most prominent growth. ② The coupling coordination relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being gradually evolved from a stage dominated by antagonism and imbalance to a stage of adaptation and coordination. Spatially, a significant differentiation pattern was observed, with high-high clustering along the southern Qilian Mountains and low-low clustering in the central urban area and oasis agricultural area. ③ Urbanization process and agricultural development intensity were the main factors restricting the coordinated development of ecosystem services and human well-being. Increased vegetation coverage, a higher proportion of the tertiary industry, and a narrowing urban-rural income gap showed significant promoting effects. The influence of these driving factors exhibited obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Conclusion The coupling coordination relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being in Suzhou District shows clear spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and spatial differentiation, and is affected by the heterogeneous effects of multiple factors, including urbanization, agricultural development, and vegetation coverage.
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