Objective The spatiotemporal characteristics and mechanisms of the impact of climate risk on farmland multifunctionality in the southwest border region of China were analyzed in order to provide a scientific basis for the sustainable land use of border regions under climate change. Methods Taking the southwest border region of China as the study area, a climate risk index encompassing drought, flood, high temperature, low-temperature freezing and typhoon hazards was constructed. A three-dimensional evaluation framework of farmland multifunctionality covering economic production, social livelihood, and ecological environment was developed to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of climate risk and farmland multifunctionality from 2008 to 2023. Furthermore, a panel vector autoregression (PVAR) model was employed to identify the dynamic effects and underlying mechanisms of climate risk on farmland multifunctionality. Results ① Climate risk showed an overall trend of steady increase followed by stabilization, with a spatial pattern characterized by high values in the west and low values in the east, and stronger effects in the south than in the north. Some local areas showed improvement after 2018. ② Farmland multifunctionality improved overall, but its evolutionary rhythms differed markedly across dimensions. The economic function showed a fluctuating increase, the social function showed steady growth followed by deceleration, and the ecological function showed a fluctuating increase with relatively strong stability. The comprehensive function gradually shifted from early “functional conflict” to “coordinated development”, forming a dual-core pattern of Baise-Chongzuo in Guangxi and Honghe-Xishuangbanna in Yunnan. ③ Climate risk exerted significant short-term negative shocks on all farmland functional dimensions, and the ecological function showed a decline followed by stabilization. Variance decomposition results indicated that by the 10th period, the contribution rates of climate risk to the economic, social, ecological and comprehensive functions reached 5.46%, 3.85%, 3.80% and 5.28%, respectively. Conclusion Climate risk significantly weakens farmland multifunctionality in the southwest border region, especially in the economic and social dimensions, while the ecological function shows relatively strong resilience.
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