Objective The spatiotemporal evolution patterns of ecological environment quality at Henan section of the Yellow River basin from 2013 to 2023 were revealed, and key driving factors were identified, in order to provide a scientific basis for ecological protection and high-quality development in the region. Methods Based on Landsat 8 remote sensing images from four periods (2013, 2017, 2020, and 2023), a remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) was calculated by integrating four indicators: greenness (NDVI), wetness (WET), dryness (NDBSI), and land surface temperature (LST), to systematically evaluate the ecological environment quality of the study area. Using the GeoDetector method, combined with socioeconomic factors (population density, nighttime light intensity) and natural factors (precipitation, temperature), the spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics of ecological environment quality and their driving mechanisms were quantitatively analyzed. Results From 2013 to 2023, the ecological environment quality in the study area generally exhibited a dynamic trend of “degradation—improvement—relative stabilization.” Spatially, it showed a pattern of “superior periphery and inferior center,” with high-value areas concentrated in the western and southern mountainous regions and low-value areas distributed in the central urban agglomerations and eastern plain agricultural zones. NDVI was the dominant influencing factor, and NDBSI was the secondary influencing factor. The interactions among the factors were primarily characterized by nonlinear enhancement. Socioeconomic factors (population density, nighttime light intensity) showed a significant negative correlation with RSEI. Among natural factors, precipitation was positively correlated with RSEI, and temperature was negatively correlated with RSEI. Conclusion Over the past decade, the ecological environment quality at Henan section of the Yellow River basin has generally and effectively improved, and RSEI can effectively reflect the spatiotemporal changes in ecological environment quality in this region.
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