Objective The synergistic effects of plants and microbial-induced carbonate calcium precipitation (MICP) were analyzed, and the effectiveness of this combined approach for slope protection and its impact on hydrological and soil erosion processes was revealed, in order to provide new insights and technologies for slope soil erosion control. Methods Five groups of experiments were conducted, including a bare soil control group (CK), an MICP treatment group (MR), and three plants (Festuca arundinacea, FA; Medicago sativa, MS; and Chrysopogon zizanioides, CZ) respectively in combination with MICP for protective measures (FA-MC, MS-MC, CZ-MC). Based on a surface water-groundwater coupled model, a soil erosion model was constructed to quantitatively analyze soil erosion rates under different slope protection designs. Techniques including direct shear tests, microscopic observation, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to comprehensively analyze the variation patterns and underlying mechanisms of cohesion (c) and internal friction angle (φ). Results ① The MICP treatment effectively cemented loose soil particles by filling soil pores with flaky and flocculent CaCO₃ precipitates, leading to a significant increase in c value. It also reduced porosity and increased surface roughness, resulting in a higher φ value. The synergistic action of plants and MICP further enhanced both c and φ, with maximum increases of 402.81% and 33.91%, respectively, compared to the CK group. ② The numerical model effectively simulated the runoff volume and soil erosion rate across the five experimental groups (with maximum mean absolute errors of 2.39×10⁻⁴ m/s and 1.77×10⁻² g/m²/s, respectively), providing a valuable tool for analyzing hydrological and soil erosion processes under the synergistic effects of plants and MICP. ③ The synergistic effects of plants and MICP not only significantly enhanced soil strength but also improved soil permeability and water retention capacity. Moreover, through multiple erosion‑reduction mechanisms (including plant interception and energy dissipation, water storage and flow diversion, and runoff interception), this synergistic system delivered integrated benefits of soil reinforcement, water conservation, and erosion mitigation. Conclusion The synergistic effects of plants and MICP can improve soil properties and reduce raindrop splash and runoff erosion on slopes, thereby regulating the soil erosion process. The developed numerical model can serve as an important tool for analyzing the soil and water conservation performance of different slope protection designs during soil erosion research.
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