基于反馈控制的弹性波调控机理与功能研究进展

Review on mechanism and functions of elastic wave control based on feedback control

摘要

弹性波超构材料因其功能基元的精心设计，可以实现自然界材料无法具备的波动效应，在国防装备、精密仪器等领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。近年来，各种被动式超构材料相继被提出，实现了诸如低频波动抑制、超分辨率聚焦、负折射等新奇功能，但其存在可调性差、结构复杂等不足。基于多物理场耦合的主动式超构材料正逐渐被研究者广泛关注，其中反馈控制型主动式超构材料表现出高效的可调性甚至是自适应调控功能。因此，对该种超构材料的研究非常重要，可以拓宽弹性波的调控机理与功能。本研究基于调控机理，从三方面介绍引入反馈控制对弹性波调控的作用。首先，反馈机制的引入可以有效地改变材料的等效参数以及增加能带结构的可调性。其次，反馈控制构造了等效增益与损耗，使超构材料具有新颖模态并展示出反常波动效应。此外，反馈控制使得利用干涉作用改变弹性波的幅值、相位和频率成为可能，进一步实现丰富的波动功能。最后，总结了基于反馈控制的弹性波超构材料的不足和应用难点，并展望未来研究方向。本研究为设计反馈式主动超构材料提供了方法策略，为丰富波动功能提供了设计思路。

Abstract

Because of their careful design of their functional elements, elastic wave metamaterials can realize the wave modulation functions that natural materials cannot have, and show great application potential in the fields of national defense equipment and precision instruments. In recent years, a variety of passive metamaterials have been proposed to achieve novel functions such as low frequency wave suppression, super resolution focusing, and negative refraction, but they have some shortcomings such as poor tunability and complex structure. Researchers gradually pay more and more attention to active metamaterials based on multi-physics coupling, among which the feedback controlled active metamaterials show high efficiency tunability and even adaptive modulation. Therefore, the study of this kind of metamaterials is very important, which can broaden the mechanism and functions of elastic wave modulation. Based on the modulation mechanism, this review introduces the effect of feedback control on the elastic wave control from three aspects. First of all, the introduction of feedback mechanism can effectively change the effective parameters of the material and increase the tunability of the band structure. Secondly, feedback control constructs equivalent gain and loss, which makes the metamaterial have novel modes and exhibit anomalous wave effects. In addition, feedback control makes it possible to use interference to change the amplitude, phase and frequency of elastic waves, and further realize rich wave functions. Finally, the shortcomings and application difficulties of the elastic wave superstructure materials based on feedback control are summarized, and the future research direction is prospected. This review provides a strategy for the design of feedback active metamaterials, and offers a design guidance to enrich wave functions.

关键词

反馈控制 / 弹性波 / 非互易 / 干涉 / 增益损耗 / 趋肤效应 / 振动抑制

Key words

feedback control / elastic wave / nonreciprocity / interference / gain / loss / skin effect / vibration attenuation

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(12272267)

上海市科技创新行动计划资助项目(22JC1404100)