跑鞋底厚梯度差异对下肢生物力学参数的影响研究

Influence of gradient differences in bottom thickness of running shoes on lower limb biomechanics parameters

摘要

目的 比较不同鞋底厚度运动鞋对跑步者运动过程中的下肢生物力学参数的影响。 方法 择取 30 名男性体育专业的大学生作为受试者，对比分析鞋底厚度分别为 36、39、42 mm（增厚 3 ～ 6 mm）时，跑步者下肢肌肉活性（积分肌电值）、下肢运动学（下肢关节角度、角速度和关节活动度）以及下肢动力学（地面反作用力、下肢关节力矩和功率）等生物力学指标的变化。 结果 随着鞋底厚度的增加，下肢各主要肌群的积分肌电值呈现“U 型” 变化趋势，且在鞋底增加 3 mm 至厚度为 39 mm 时积分肌电值最小，差异具有显著性（P＜0. 05）；垂直地面反作用力的第一峰值力逐渐降低，第一峰值力出现的时间和第一峰值加载率逐渐增大，差异具有显著性（P＜0. 05）；膝关节的力矩及膝关节外展角冲量逐渐降低，对髋关节力矩的影响并不显著（P＞0. 05）；离地及触地时刻下肢各关节的活动度均等无交互效应，而鞋底增厚 6 mm 时踝关节内外活动度最小。 结论 适当增加鞋底厚度（如增厚 3 mm）能够有效减轻关节冲击、提高跑步稳定性，但过厚鞋底（如增厚 6 mm）也影响运动效率。

Abstract

Objective To compare the effects of different shoe sole thicknesses on the lower limb biomechanical parameters of runners during exercise. Method Thirty male college students majoring in sports were selected as subjects to compare and analyze the changes in biomechanical indicators such as lower limb muscle activity （iEMG）， lower limb kinematics （lower limb joint angle， angular velocity， and joint range of motion）， and lower limb dynamics （ground reaction force， lower limb joint torque， and power） of runners with shoe sole thicknesses of 36 mm， 39 mm， and 42 mm （increased thickness of 3 mm ～ 6 mm）. Result With the increase of sole thickness， the integrated electromyographic values of the main muscle groups in the lower limbs showed a “U-shaped” trend， and the integrated electromyographic values were the smallest when the sole thickness increased by 3 mm to 39 mm， and the difference was significant （P＜0. 05）. The first peak force of the vertical ground reaction force gradually decreases， and the time and loading rate of the first peak force gradually increase， with significant differences （P＜0. 05）. The torque of the knee joint and the impulse of the knee joint abduction angle gradually decrease， but the effect on the hip joint torque is not significant （P＞0. 05）. At the moment of leaving and touching the ground， the range of motion of each joint in the lower limbs is equal without any interaction effect， while the ankle joint has the smallest range of motion both inside and outside when the sole thickens by 6 mm. Conclusion Increasing the thickness of the sole appropriately （such as thickening by 3 mm） can effectively reduce joint impact and improve running stability， but excessively thick soles （such as thickening by 6 mm） also affect exercise efficiency.

关键词

鞋底厚度 / 跑步 / 生物力学 / 下肢关节 / 运动学 / 动力学

Key words

sole thickness / running / biomechanics / lower limb joints / kinematics / dynamics

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基金资助

国家社会科学基金西部项目(19XTY007)