不同水平WTA选手赛中大力发球的运动学对比分析

Comparative analysis of power serves kinematics among WTA players of different levels

摘要

目的 对国际女子职业网联（WTA）排名较为靠后的为中国女子职业网球运动员发球的技术进行分析，并与排名前列的世界顶尖女子选手的数据进行对比，了解发球的技术特点和影响中国选手发球速度的因素，为提升发球速度提供针对性建议。方法 通过三维拍摄法，获得7名参加2019年广州、武汉两站WTA网球公开赛的世界优秀女子运动员（截至2019年9月WTA世界排名前50名），10名参加2020年CTA中国网球巡回赛年终总决赛和2024年北海网球集训训练赛的中国女子职业运动员（WTA世界排名100名之后）比赛时占先区球速最高的一次内角发球的技术数据，分析发球技术与球速的相关关系以及两组运动员动作技术的差异。结果 搔背时肘关节屈曲角速度峰值与球速正相关，挥拍击球时躯干侧倾与前后倾幅度与球速负相关（P＜0.05）。中国选手发球速度，引拍结束时肩内外旋角、肘屈伸角、重心到右脚的水平距离，拍头最低点肘关节角，搔背阶段肘关节屈曲角速度峰值，挥拍阶段躯干侧倾与前后倾幅度与世界优秀选手有差异（P＜0.05）。结论 不同水平WTA选手大力发球的球速与肘关节屈曲速度和挥拍时躯干晃动幅度有关。中国选手发球技术动作与世界优秀选手不同，且发球速度较低。为提升发球速度，建议中国选手在引拍时将重心向持拍侧移动，降低躯干晃动幅度，发球过程中适当放松肘关节，并在训练中提升躯干及肘关节周围肌群的力量。

Abstract

Objective To analyze the serve techniques of Chinese female professional tennis players lowerly-ranked in the WTA and compare their data with those of top-ranked world-class female players so as to understand the technical characteristics of their serves and identify the factors influencing the serving speed of Chinese players. The goal is to provide targeted recommendations for improving serving speed. Methods Three-dimensional motion capture data were collected from 7 top international players (ranked within the top 50 in September 2019) and 10 Chinese players (ranked beyond the top 100) during their fastest inside-out serves in the advantage court. The relationship between serve technique and ball speed, as well as technique differences, were analyzed. Results The peak elbow flexion angular velocity during the backswing was positively correlated with ball speed, while trunk tilt amplitude was negatively correlated with ball speed (P＜0.05). Significant differences in serve speed, shoulder rotation angles, elbow flexion-extension angles, and trunk tilt were found between Chinese and top international players (P＜0.05). Conclusion The ball speed of powerful serves by WTA players of different levels is related to elbow flexion speed and trunk movement during the swing. However, the serving technique of Chinese players differs from that of world-class players, and their serve speed is lower. To enhance serve speed, it is recommended that Chinese players shift their center of gravity towards the racket side during the backswing, reduce trunk rotation amplitude, relax the elbow joint during the serve, and focus on strengthening the trunk and elbow muscles during training.

关键词

女子网球 / 网球发球 / 生物力学分析 / 三维运动学

Key words

women's tennis / tennis serve / biomechanical analysis / three-dimensional kinematics

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基金资助

国家体育总局国家队科技助力青年项目(22QN002)