高跟鞋对青年女性的步态及下肢生物力学特征的影响研究

Study on the influence of high heels on gait and lower limb biomechanical characteristics of young women

摘要

目的 探究不同鞋跟高度的高跟鞋对青年女性步态及下肢生物力学特征的影响。方法 选取30名年龄在18～25岁的青年女性作为受试者，运用ViconNexus三维运动分析系统与Novelpedar-X足底压力测试系统等设备，精确采集受试者穿着平底鞋（跟高≤1 cm）及不同高度高跟鞋（5、7、9 cm）时的步态时空参数及下肢生物力学参数（关节角度、关节活动度、压力峰值及压强峰值等），对比所获取数据的差异性变化。结果 从步态参数来看，随着鞋跟高度的增加，步速、步频、步长均显著降低（P＜0.05），摆动期占比从41.22%±3.14%降至31.67%±2.11%，单/双支撑期占比分别增至68.16%±3.32%、33.16%±4.12%（P＜0.01）。踝关节、膝关节、髋关节活动度随鞋跟增高呈下降趋势（P＜0.01），且支撑期内踝关节持续背屈，膝关节在支撑中期轻度屈曲、末期伸展增强，髋关节角度减小反映骨盆前倾加剧。足前区（M1～M3）压力峰值及冲量占比显著升高（P＜0.05），足跟区压强峰值显著降低（P＜0.05），足中区（M4）压强始终最低。结论 高跟鞋通过引发重心前移、关节活动受限及足底负荷重构，导致步态稳定性代偿、关节力学轴线偏移及足前区负荷集中。建议日常穿着鞋跟高度控制在5 cm以下，避免长期连续穿着，以降低下肢损伤风险。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the effects of high heels with different heel heights on the gait and lower limb biomechanical characteristics of young women. Methods Thirty young women aged 18-25 were selected as subjects, and the ViconNexus three-dimensional motion analysis system and Novelpedar-X plantar pressure testing system were used to accurately collect the spatiotemporal parameters of gait and lower limb biomechanical parameters of the subjects wearing flat shoes (heel height ≤1 cm) and high heels of different heights (5, 7, 9 cm). We compared and analyzed the differential changes in the obtained data. Results From the perspective of gait parameters, with the increase of heel height, step speed, step frequency, and stride length all significantly decreased (P＜0.05). The proportion of swing phase decreased from 41.22%±3.14% to 31.67%±2.11%, and the proportion of single/double support phase increased to 68.16%±3.32% and 33.16%±4.12%, respectively (P＜0.01). The range of motion of ankle, knee, and hip joints decreased with the increase of heel height (P＜0.01), and during the support period, the ankle joint continues to dorsiflex, while the knee joint showd mild flexion in the mid support period and increased extension in the late support period. The decrease in hip joint angle reflects intensified pelvic forward tilt. The peak pressure and impulse ratio in the forefoot area (M1-M3) significantly increased (P＜0.05), while the peak pressure in the heel area significantly decreased (P＜0.05). The pressure in the midfoot area (M4) remained the lowest. Conclusion High heels cause gait stability compensation, joint mechanical axis deviation, and forefoot load concentration by inducing center of gravity shift, limited joint movement, and plantar load reconstruction. It is recommended to keep the heel height below 5 cm in daily wear to avoid long-term continuous wear and reduce the risk of lower limb injuries.

关键词

高跟鞋 / 行走过程 / 步态 / 生物力学 / 下肢关节

Key words

high-heeled shoes / walking process / gait / biomechanics / lower limb joint

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(62472300)